U  A 
15 

U6 


UC-NRLF 


B   ^   532  lb? 


F  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 


A  COTLi::EXit^Lnvi;:>iuiN,  ^^I:.NERAL  STAFF,  No.    17 

STRENGTH  AND  ORGANIZATION 

OF  THE  ARMIES  OF 

FRANCE,  GERMANY,  AUSTRIA,  RUSSIA, 

ENGLAND,  ITALY,  MEXICO, 

AND  JAPAN 


WASHINGTON   :  GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE   :  1911 


-J 


WAR  DEPARTMENT  :  :  OFFICE  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 
WAR  COLLEGE  DIVISION,  GENERAL   STAFF,   No.    17 


STRENGTH  AND  ORGANIZATION 

OF  THE  ARMIES  OF 

FRANCE,  GERMANY,  AUSTRIA,  RUSSIA, 

ENGLAND,  ITALY,  MEXICO, 

AND  JAPAN 


WASHINGTON  :  GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE   :  1911 


V/ar   DepA.RTME.'VT 

Document  No.   385 

Office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff 

(2) 


War  Department, 
Office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff, 

Washington,  February  15,  1911. 
The  followin<2;  data  concernino;  the  strength  and  organization  of 
the  armies  of  France,   Germany,  Austria,   Russia,   Enghmd,   Italy, 
Mexico,  and  Ja]:)an  are  pubUshed  for  the  information  of  the  Regular 
Army  and  the  Organized  ^lilitia  of  the  United  States. 
B}'  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War: 

Leonard  Wood, 
Major  General,  Chief  of  Staf. 
(3) 


M83612 


INTRODUCTION. 

A  great  many  authorities  have  been  consulted  in  the  preparation 
of  the  data,  and  it  is  beUeved  that  the  figures  are  very  nearly  exact. 
Wherever  they  have  been  available  the  detailed  budgets  and  organic 
laws  have  been  used  as  the  foundation  of  the  work.  It  will  be  noted 
that  all  the  data  obtained  have  been  summed  up  in  tables  which 
immediately  follow  this  introduction.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind, 
however,  that  the  separate  studies  on  the  several  countries  should 
be  carefully  considered  before /di'awing  conclusions  from  the  tables. 
Before  introducing  the  tables  it  seems  desirable  to  formulate  a  few 
general  facts  on  the  organization  of  foreign  armies,  as  too  much  insist- 
ence can  not  be  laid  on  the  fact  that  a  bare  inspection  of  the  tables  is 
liable  to  lead  to  false  conclusions. 

Classifying  the  general  remarks  on  organization  under  appropriate 
headings  we  have — • 

INFANTRY. 

The  real  basis  of  the  infantry  organization  of  all  foreign  armies  is 
the  battalion.  Except  for  England,  the  typical  battalion  is  composed 
of  4  companies  and  has  a  strength  on  the  war  footing  of  some  20  to 
25  officers  and  900  to  1,100  men,  counting  from  about  900  to  1,000 
rifles.  In  England  the  battalion  numbers  S  companies  and  counts 
about  860  rifles  on  the  war  footing. 

In  speaking  of  a  foreign  battalion  it  must,  therefore,  be  borne  in 
mind  that  its  fighting  strength  is  roughly  equal  to  that  of  two  of  our 
battalions. 

CAVALRY. 

The  basis  of  all  foreign  cavalry  organization  is  the  squadron.  The 
foreign  squadron  numbers  on  a  war  footing  from  120  to  150  sabers. 
Regiments  contain  from  3  to  6  squadrons. 

It  will  therefore  be  noted  that  in  speaking  of  a  foreign  squadron 
we  mean  a  force  of  about  one-half  the  strength  of  the  United  States 
squadron.  Similarly,  the  cavalry  regiment  of  foreign  services  is 
about  one-half,  or  less,  the  strength  of  our  regiments. 

FIELD    ARTILLERY. 

^  The  battery  is  usually  taken  as  the  iniit  of  field  artillery  organiza- 
tion. For  the  purposes  of  comparison  a  more  correct  iniit  is  the 
battalion. 

(5) 


Leaving?  Russia  fls'oe,  it  may  be  said  tliat  there  are  two  great  sys- 
tems of  field  artillery  organization.  These  may  be  called,  naming 
them,  aft^r  their  gj'eat  exponents,  the  French  and  the  German. 
The  essential  differeiices  between  these  two  systems  may  be  sum- 
marized as  follows: 

The  French  system  takes  4  guns  as  the  firing  unit,  the  battery,  and 
assigns  all  of  the  ammunition  which  should  be  available  wpon  entry 
into  action  to  the  battery;  batteries  count  5  officers,  sometimes  4, 
and  170  men. 

Under  the  German  S3'stem  the  firing  unit,  battery,  coimts  6  guns, 
and  only  so  much  ammunition  as  is  needed  for  the  immediate  service 
of  the  pieces  is  assigned  to  the  batteries:  the  remainder  of  the  ammu- 
nition which  should  be  available  wpon  entry  into  action  being  assem- 
bled in  an  ammunition  battery  (light  ammunition  column),  which 
forms  an  integral  part  of  the  battalion. 

In  both  systems  the  number  of  firing  batteries  in  the  battalion  is 
three,  the  German  system  having  an  additional  battery  for  ammuni- 
tion gives  that  system  4  battery  organizations  to  the  battahon. 

Under  the  German  system  the  strength  of  firing  batteries  is  about 
5  officers  and  150  men  and  that  of  ammunition  batteries  is  4  officers 
and  188  men.  The  strength  of  battalion  staffs  is  not  dependent 
upon  the  particular  system. 

Leaving  aside  battahon  staffs  it  will  be  noted  that  under  the  French 
system  the  battalion  counts  about  15  officers,  510  men,  and  12  guns, 
whereas  under  the  German  system  it  counts  19  officers,  638  men,  and 
18  guns.  It  is  thus  apparent  that  under  the  French  system  the  bat- 
tahon has  \\  officers  and  42^  men  per  gun,  while  the  German  system 
allows  IjV  officers  and  35|  men  per  gun.  If  the  strength  of  the 
ammunition  columns  of  the  army  corps  be  considered  it  will  be  foimd 
that  the  slight  diiTerences  in  the  number  of  officers  and  men  required 
per  gun  under  the  two  systems  ])ractically  vanish. 

The  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  two  systems  as  set  forth 
by  the  adherents  of  one  or  the  other  are  too  well  known  to  make 
it  necessary  to  repeat  them  here.  Moreover,  the  arguments  of  tliose 
who  have  really  studied  the  question  have  but  little  weight  with 
their  opponents  who  have  equally  given  it  serious  consideration.  The 
Russian  system  is  obsolete,  but  is  considered  in  the  s])ecial  study  on 
that  country. 

FORTRESS    ARTILLKHY. 

In  most  foreign  services  all  artillery  is  on  one  list.  That  branch 
of  artillery  known  as  fortress  artillery  has  no  counterpart  in  our 
service.  Fortress  artillery  garrisons  the  land  fortresses  of  the  country 
and  furnishes  artillery  of  various  tyjjes  (o  (lu>  niohile  troo))s.  The 
MiiKtiiiil    of   niobiU'   arlillcry    which    would    he   proxith'd    hy   (he  foot 


artillorv  in  war  is  naturally  (Io|)(M1(1(mi1  u|)()ii  the  cliaraclor  of  the  war, 
whether  ofTensive  or  defensive,  ete.  It  is,  therefore,  impossible  to  say 
by  how  much  the  artillery  with  the  mobile  troops,  as  shown  in  the 
tables,  woiikl  be  augmented  in  war. 

COAST    ARTILLERY. 

The  coast  artillery  show^n  for  Germany  does  not  give  a  correct  idea, 
for  many  of  the  coast  fortifications  of  that  country  are  garrisoned  by 
marines. 

SANITARY    TROOPS. 

While  the  number  of  sanitary  troops  shown  by  the  tables  is  small 
for  foreign  armies  as  compared  with  the  number  maintained  by  the 
United  States,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  war  much  of  the 
''bearer  and  first-aid  duty"  is  performed  in  foreign  services  by  men 
drawn  from  and  forming  part  of  the  line.  Furthermore,  drivers  for 
ambulances  and  for  other  nontechnical  purposes  are  drawn  from  the 
train.  The  necessity  for  maintainmg  a  nucleus  in  peace  for  expan- 
sion in  war  does  not  therefore  exist  in  the  same  degree  in  foreign 
countries  as  in  the  United  States.  Similar  remarks  are,  however, 
true  for  services  other  than  sanitary. 

EXPANSION    ON    MOBILIZATION. 

In  all  foreign  countries  of  any  consequence  large  numbers  of  fully 
trained  reserves  exist.  These  men  are  assigned  to  organizations  and  in 
those  organizations  complete  ecjuipment  of  every  kind  and  descrip- 
tion is  so  stored  as  to  facilitate  immediate  issue.  Every  horse  in 
civil  life  has  its  place  assigned  and  its  ow^ner  is  warned  as  to  where  it 
is  to  be  turned  in  on  mobilization;  the  same  is  true  of  vehicles.  In 
the  formation  of  certain  classes  of  trains  the  Government  simply 
directs  teamsters  with  their  teams,  harness,  and  wagons  to  report  at 
previously  specified  places.  It  is  thus  simply  a  matter  of  hours  for 
the  great  powers  to  mobilize. 

Inasmuch  as  the  frontiers  of  possible  enemies  adjoin  their  own,  and 
the  functioning  of  the  mobilization  of  those  enemies  is  eciually  com- 
plete, all  nations  on  the  continent  of  Europe  maintain  their  cavalry 
and  horse  artillery  at  practically  war  strength  and  station  those  arms 
on  the  frontiers  to  secure  the  few  hours  wliich  are  necessary  for 
mobilization. 

It  is  thus  evident  that  the  lessons  (obtained  by  a  study  of  the 
organization  of  the  armies  of  those  nations  which  trust  to  prepara- 
tion rather  than  to  luck)  as  to  the  relative  and  actual  degree  of  expan- 
sion of  which  the  several  arms  are  capable  can  have  but  little  appli- 
cability to  the  conditions  obtaining  in  the  United  States. 
83641°— 11 2 


CONDITIONS    or    SERVICE. 

Aside  fioni  tlic  features  of  c()m])iils()iy  service  and  tlie  consequent 
existence  of  large  masses  of  reserves  in  foreign  countries,  there  are 
certain  conditions  of  service  with  reference  to  (hiily  duties  which 
should  be  borne  in  mind  in  applying  principles  of  foreign  organiza- 
tion to  conditions  as  they  actually  exist  in  the  United  States.  In 
all  foreign  services  the  efhciency  of  peace  training  with  respect  to  its 
eflPect  in  war  is  the  sole  object  in  view.  But  the  real  point  is  that 
this  is  put  into  practice  and  does  not  savor  of  a  mere  theory.  Every- 
thing is,  in  foreign  services,  subordinated  with  absolute  rigor  to  the 
tactical  training  of  troops  and  the  preparation  by  various  depart- 
ments and  services  for  war.  Organizations,  departments,  and  serv- 
ices, as  well  as  individuals,  are  judged  solely  from  the  standpoint 
of  their  preparation  to  at  once  pass  to  a  condition  of  war. 

Fatigue  duties,  guard,  paper  work,  and  kindred  duties  of  the  kind 
common  in  the  United  States  service  are,  in  foreign  states  of  import- 
ance, either  absolutely  unknown  or  exist  in  such  minor  degree  as  to 
be  infinitesimal.  Special  duties,  such  as  officers  and  men  for  various 
schools,  detached  service  of  all  kinds,  mobilization,  command  and 
training  of  territorial  and  reserve  forces,  information  duty,  etc.,  are 
performed  by  officers  and  men  who  are  additional  to  those  serving 
with  organizations.  Moreover,  the  headqiuxrters  of  such  organiza- 
tions have  the  men  and  officers  they  need  as  part  of  the  headquarters 
of  the  units;  accordingly  company  units  are  not  drained  for  clerks, 
messengers,  laborers,  etc. 

The  absence  of  fatigue  duties  and  the  other  facts  above  stated 
results  in  a  condition  which  can  hartlly  be  appreciated  in  the  United 
States,  namely:  If  a  company  unit  is,  under  the  budget,  entitled  to 
4  officers  and  100  men,  it  has  that  number  for  daily  ckity.  The  ])oint 
of  this  condition  is  apparent. 

The  tables  showing  principal  (hit a  and  the  detailed  studies  are 
a])])ended  in  the  order  named. 

The  forces  of  the  United  States  have  been  included  in  tlie  tables 
to  facilitate  comj)arison. 


Table  Showixc,  TTigher  OTtr.AxizATinxs  Existint,  in  Time  of  Peace. 

XO  MILITIA,  RESERVE,  OR  TERRITORIAL  TROOPS  ARE  INCLUDED. 


Army 
corps. 


Cavalry 
divisions. 


Infantry 


.cavalry    |    ^^ 


France 

Germany 

Austria! 

Russia 

England  3 

Italy 

Mexico 

Japan 

United  States 


38 
49  I 
19 
'■46 
4 


>  Common  army  only. 

2  Possiblv  more.  .  .  .   ,  ^  ■      , 

3  Figures" are  for  regulars  in  the  British  Isles  only.    In  addition  there  are  14  divisions,  42  infantry  brigades, 
14  fleld-artillerv  brigades,  and  14  mounted  brigades  of  territorial  troops  i-  ''-~  ^--^-^  ^-'—     ^-  ^~-"-  *' 
are  9  divisions,"9  field-artillery  brigades,  and  S  cavalry  brigades. 


the  British  Isles.    In  India  there 


Table  Showing  Peace  Strength,  by  Arms  of  the  Service, 
only  officers  and  men  with  the  colors  are  considered. 


Infan- 
try. 


France  2 

Germany 

Austria^ 

Russia 

England  < 

Italy 

Mexico 

Japan 

UNITED  .STATES. 

Regulars  ^ 

Organized  militia.. . 

Total 


379,640 
404, 765 
194, 123 
580, 000 
151,261 
167,000 
20,326 
149, 402 


27.370 
97,035 


124,405 


Field 

Foot 

Coast 

airy. 

artil- 

artil- 

artil- 

lery. 

lery. 

lery. 

75,510 

76,419 

4,446 

7,246 

73,368 

(i9, 735 

24,673 

2,000 

47,541 

33,012 

6.040 

2,100 

115,000 

94,110 

18,056 

14, 152 

20,716 

34,649 

628 

14,965 

24,000 

27,000 

7,000 

5,000 

7,318 

1,912 

(?) 

(?) 

14.585 

IS. 918 

6,889 

Tech- 
nical 
troops. 


18,020 
26,  708 
10,507 
37, 448 
9,096 
11,000 
657 
16, 727 


13,540  i  ■  5,456 
4,167  j     4,565 


17,707  I  10.021 


27, 249 


10, 520 
8, 038 
5,070 
(?) 
6,772 
2,500 
215 
11,427 


Sani-  Total 
tary  peace 
troops,  strength. 


6,123 
6, 615 
4,307 
(?) 
5,069 
3,729 

(?) 
3,484 


4,117 
2,146 


6,263 


634, 638 
634,320 
327,580 
1,200,000 
255, 438 
288, 409 
31,000- 
32,000 
230,000 


81,361 
119, 660 


201,021 


1  Includes  miscellaneous  organizations,  staffs,  school  detachments,  etc. 

2  Includes  troops  stationed  in  Algiers  and  Tunis  and  such  colonial  troops  as  are  stationed  in  France. 

3  Common  armv  onlv.    For  Landwehr,  see  studv  on  Austria. 

^  Regular  armv" onlv".  Indian  armv,  colonial  forces,  and  territorial  forces  are  mentioned  in  study  on  Eng- 
land. Territorial  force  (British  Isles)  numbers  315,408.  Canadian  permanent  force  and  organized  militia 
numbers  67,037.  .     , 

5  Based  on  Army  List,  20  November,  1910.  The  Porto  Rican  Regiment  is  counted  as  infantr>'.  Technical 
troops  include  Engineers  and  Signal  Corps.  8,000  recruits  included  in  total.  5,000  Philippine  Scouts  are 
not  counted. 


Table  Showing  Percentages  of  Several  Arms  of  Total  Peace  Strength. 


Country. 

Infan- 
try. 

Caval- 
ry. 

Field 
artil- 
lery. 

Foot 
artil- 
lery. 

Coast 
artil- 
lery. 

Tech- 
nical 
troops. 

Train. 

Sani- 
tary 
troops. 

Miscel- 
laneous. 

Perct. 
59.77 
63.81 
59.34 
48.33 
59.21 
57.90 
63.50 
64.95 

Perct. 
11.89 
11.56 
14.51 
9.58 
8.10 
8.32 
22.86 
■    6.34 

Perct. 
12.05 
10.99 
10.07 
7.84 
13.56 
9.36 
5.97 
8.22 

Perct. 
0.70 

i;84 
L50 
.24 
2.42 
(?) 

Perct. 
L14 
.33 
.64 
L17 
5.85 
1.73 
C?1 

Perct. 
2.83 
4.21 
3.20 
3.12 
3.56 
3.81 
2.05 
7.27 

Perct. 
L65 
1.26 
1.54 

.86 
.37 
4.96 

Perct. 
0.96 
L04 
L31 
(?) 
L98 
L29 
(?) 
1.51 

Perct. 
9.01 

2.02 

Austria                       

7.55 

28.46 

4.85 

Italy                

14.31 

Mexico 

5.25 

^      2.99"   ' 

3.76 

UNITED  STATES.    - 

Regulars 

33.64 
81.09 

16.64 
3.48 

6.66 
3.81 

0 
0 

24.57 
6.06 

4.23 
2.12 

0 
0 

5.06 
1.79 

9.20 

Organized  Militia 

1.65 

Total                  .     . 

61.70 

8.80 

5.07 

0 

13.55 

2.97 

0 

.3.11 

4.80 

(9) 


10 


Tablk  Showinc  FioHTiNt;  Stkkncth  of  Tukkk  Arms  on  Mobilization. 

EXISTING  OHC.ANIZATIONS  ONLY  CONSIDERED. 


Country. 

Infantry 
rifles. 

Cavalry 
sabers. 

Field  guns. 

Sabers  per 
thousand 
infantry 
bayonets. 

Field  guns 
per  thou- 
sand in- 
fantry bay- 
onets.' 

Fully 
trained 
reserves 
available 
for  passing 
from  peace 
to  war  foot- 
ing. 

France  2       

(118,450 
633,000 
420,  .300 
973, 152 
135,020 
300, 000 
53, 7(i0 
228,000 

66, 750 
76,500 
37,800 
111,825 
15,000 
20,880 
14,016 
14,550 

2,936 
3,866 
1,854 
4, 4,32 
1,170 
1,470 
176 
954 

107.93 
120.  85 

89.  93 
114.91 
111.09 

69.99 
260.  71 

63.81 

4.74 
6.10 
4.41 
4.55 
8.66 
4.90 
3.27 
4.18 

2,  .300, 000 

4,000,000 

1,600,000 

3,800,000 

England  '■•         

215,000 

Italy 

1,250,000 

Mexico  6 

None. 

Japan' 

1,000,000 

ITNITED  STATES. 

Uegularss 

Organized  Militia " 

39,  COO 
167,000 

15, 225 
5,800 

144 
200 

384.  46 
34.73 

3.63 
1.19 

None. 
None. 

Total'"  

206.600 

21,025 

344 

101. 76 

1.66 

None. 

1  No  deductions  made  for  horse  guns. 

2  For  all  existing  units,  for  mobilization  in  France,  see  .separate  study. 
8  Common  army  onlv.    Figures  are  approximate.    (See  study.) 

<  The  peculiar  situation  of  Russia  makes  it  impossible  for  her  to  assemble  her  total  force  upon  any  one 
theater  of  war. 

i  Regulars  only.    For  territorial  forces,  extra  reserves,  etc.,  see  study. 

«  Total  strength  in  ranks  considered.  The  deductions  which  should  be  made  for  noncombatants  are  not 
accurately  known.    Laws  for  compulsorv  service  exist  and  might  be  put  into  effect  in  war. 

7  Japan  forms  a  very  large  number  of  new  organizations  which  are  not  considered  here.  Neither  are  Ihe 
special  troops  in  Formosa  and  elsewhere  considered.  The  foot  artillery  mobilizes  an  additional  number 
of  heavy  field  guns,  possibly  1  gun  pei-  I  hoiisaml  lines. 

8  Porto  Rican  Regiment  and  Philipiiiiie  Scdiiis  are  excluded  from  this  table. 

B  The  infantry  in  the  Organized  Miliiia  is  ohiaiiied  byreducing  all  incomplete  regiments  to  the  standard 
organizations.    Separate  companies  and  cadet  corps,  etc. ,  have  not  been  considered. 

The  Organized  Militia  has  no  complete  regiments  of  Cavalry.  The  figures  are  obtained  by  multiplying 
the  number  of  troops  by  the  troop  fighting  strength. 

All  batteries  of  the  Organized  Militia  are  included,  although  6  batteries  (24  guns)  have  not  yet  reached 
the  stage  where  it  is  deemed  expedient  to  issue  modem  material.  Only  a  few  batteries  are  organized  into 
complete  battalions  and  there  are  no  regiments. 

11  This  assumes  that  organizations  can  be  raised  to  the  war  Strength.  As  a  matter  of  fact  framed  men 
are  not  available  for  this  purpose,  and  if  tliey  were  clothing  and  equipments  are  not  available  for  passmg 
to  the  war  strength. 

Note.— For  probable  inilinl  mobilization  see  studies  on  several  countries. 

The  plan  on  pat^e  11  shows  the  above  o;raphica"llY. 

Tlie  outline  drawmgs  on  ])ages  12,  13,  and  14  give  an  additional 
graphical  representation  of  the  war  strength  ol'  the  several  countires, 
considering  existing  regular  organizations  only.  In  the  figures  the 
areas  are  pro))ortional  to  the  actual  war  strength  of  the  several  arms. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  the  figures  for  the  United  States  are  too  large, 
for  the  reason  that  trained  men  are  not  available  for  passing  to  the 
war  footing  which  (he  drawings  represent. 


Note.— Due  lo  an  error:  the  li^'ui(^  on  page  13  represent iug 
bo  about  midway  between  its  actual  size  and  that  for  Japan. 


llalian  cavalry  is  too  large.    It  should 


11 


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t^AR    COLLEGE  DIVISON    GEN.  STAFF 
CH  Smith   Del- 


FRANCP]. 


The  F'rench  Army  proper  is  known  as  the  Metropohtan  Army. 
This  army  is  divided  between  Franc-e  and  Algiers.  This  study  will 
confine  itself  to  the  Metropolitan  Army  witli  a  bare  mention  of 
colonial  forces. 

HIGHER   ORGANIZATION. 

There  are  20  army  corps  organized  in  peace.  In  addition  there  is 
one  colonial  army  corps.  Army  corps  usually  have  two  divisions, 
in  exceptional  cases  three.  The  number  of  corps  troops  varies  con- 
siderably. There  are  47  divisions  and  92  infantry  brigades;  21  field 
artillery  brigades  are  distributed  among  the  21  corps. 

There  are  also  8  cavalry  divisions  organized  in  peace.  As  a  rule, 
the  cavalry  division  contains  20  squadrons  and  2  horse  batteries. 
Two  of  the  divisions  depart  fi-om  this  rule  by  having  30  squadrons 
each.     There  is  a  total  of  38  cavalry  brigades. 

INFANTRY. 

The  battalion  usually  has  4  companies;  sometimes  3,  sometimes 
5  or  6,  or  even  more.  The  number  of  battalions  in  regiments  varies 
greatly.  The  maximum  is  4  battalions  to  the  regiment.  There  are 
163  regiments. 

Figures  as  to  the  total  number  of  battalions  vary.  The  budget 
shows  163  regiments  with  124  battalion  staff's  missing.  Taking  tliis 
as  a  basis  and  adding  battalions  not  parts  of  regiments  gives  615 
battalions;  to  this  must  be  added  36  battalions  of  colonial  troops 
stationed  in  France,  making  a  total  of  651  battalions.  A"on  Loebell 
and  Veltze  each  give  657  battalions.  The  difference  is  probably  due 
to  the  fact  that  those  authorities  count  native  Saharian  troops  not 
considered  here.  As  a  rule,  the  infantry  company  has  3  officers  and 
125  men  in  peace. 

The  total  infantry  strength  in  peace  is  as  follows: 


Officers 
and  men. 


Stationed  in  France: 

Metropolitan  Army 

Colonial  army 

Stationed  in  Algiers  and  Tunis:  Metropolitan  Army . . . 

Total 

83641°— 11 3  (15) 


311,339 
22,012 
4^,289 


16 


It  will  bo  soon  that  the  total  nuinhor  of  battalions  allows  an  aver- 
ao;e  of  31  battalions  to  the  army  corps.  It  is  probable  that  in  war 
France  would  organize  at  once  new  battalions  to  bring  this  up  to  32. 
The  typical  war  organization  for  infantry  would  then  be: 

( 'ompanies  to  the  battalion 4     Brigades  to  the  diviKioii 2 

Battalions  to  the  regiment 4     Divisions  to  the  corps 2 

Regiments  to  the  brigade 2 

A  total  of  32  battalioius  to  the  corps. 

The  war  strength  of  battalions  is  given  by  Von  Loebell  as  19  olli- 
cers  and  1,009  men.  This  would  give  a  strength  of  infantry  rifles 
of  from  900  to  950.  This  would  give  the  army  corps  on  the  type 
footing  about  29,000  infantry  rifles  with  a  total  of  some  32,228 
infantry  soldiers.  These  figures  are  believed  to  be  very  nearly 
exact. 

FIELD    ARTILLERY. 


The  French  field  artillery  was  reorganized  in  1909.  The  typical 
formations  are: 

Batteries  to  the  battalion 3  1  Regiments  to  the  brigade 3 

Battalions  to  the  regiment 4  | 

One  brigade  is  assigned  to  each  corps;  the  Sixth  and  Seventh 
Corps  have  brigades  of  4  regiments  each. 

The  brigade  is  divided  between  corps  and  divisional  artillery — 
1  regiment  to  the  corps  and  1  to  each  division. 

The  total  number  of  batteries  for  the  type  formation  has  not  quite 
been  reached. 

There  are  64  regiments  and  5  separate  battalions  with  a  total  of 
689  batteries.  To  this  must  be  added  3  regiments  of  colonial  artil- 
lery stationed  in  France  with  36  batteries,  giving  a  total  of  725 
batteries.  Batteries  have  4  guns  each.  There  are  no  light-ammu- 
nition columns. 

The  peace  strength  of  batteries  varies  according  to  several  sched- 
ules, viz,  3  ollicers,  90  men;  3  ollicers,  100  men;  3  ollicers,  120  men; 
3  ofhcers,  130  men;  3  ollicers,  160  men.  There  is  a  considerable 
number  of  men  belonging  to  tiie  regiment  not  assigned  to  batteries. 
In  addition  each  regiment  has  a  "section  of  workmen"  numbering 
17  men.  The  total  numbers  of  field  artillery  and  the  peace  distri- 
bution are  as  follows: 


stationed  ia  Franpo: 

Metropolitan  Army 

Coloiiirtl  arm  V •  — 

Stationed  in  Ali^iers  and  Tunis:  Mctropoliliui  Army 

Total 


Uut- 
teries. 


Officers, 
and  men. 


(58,384 
5,350 
2.(i85 


17 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  total  number  of  batteries  provides  about 
34^  batteries  per  army  corps.  Various  authorities  unite  in  su|)- 
posing  that  the  initial  mobilization  of  France  will  see  for  the  artillery 
a  similar  expansion  to  that  already  noted  for  the  infantry  (excejjt  in 
a  smaller  degree),  and  that  the  number  of  batteries  for  a  mobilized 
corps  will  be  36.  The  number  of  guns  per  corps  will  thus  be  144 — 
the  same  as  the  German  corps  except  for  heavy  guns. 

It  is  possible  that  the  fortress  artillery  would  mobilize  some  mobile 
batteries,  but  there  are  no  definite  data. 

The  war  strength  of  batteries  is  4  officers,  possibly  5,  and  170  men, 
except  that  mountain  batteries  have  200  men. 

Mountain  batteries  have  6  guns  in  war. 

FOOT    ARTILLERY. 

All  officers  of  artillery,  including  field  artillery,  are  on  one  list. 
Foot  artillery  is  divided  into  two  branches:  Coast  artillery  and  for- 
tress artillery.  The  latter  garrisons  the  land  fortifications.  It  is 
beheved  that,  in  certain  cases,  a  part  of  the  fortress  artillery  may  be 
used  with  the  mobile  forces. 

There  are  in  all  11  regiments  with  89  batteries  in  P'rance  and  2 
battalions  with  8  batteries  in  Algiers  and  Tunis. 

Separating  the  two  branches,  we  have: 

Fortress  artillery. — There  are  47  batteries  in  France  with  none  in 
Algiers  and  Tunis.  The  peace  strength  of  batteries  is  3  officers  and 
110  men. 

The  total  strength  of  the  fortress  artillery  is  about  4,446  oilicers 
and  men.  The  war  strength  is  not  definitely  known,  but  is  probably 
double  the  peace  strength. 

Coast  artillery. — There  are  42  batteries  in  P'rance  and  8  in  Algiers. 
The  peace  strength  of  batteries  in  P'rance  is  3  officers  and  110  men; 
in  Alders  and  Tunis,  3  oflicers  and  200  men.     The  total  is  as  follows: 


Bat- 
teries. 

Officers 
and  men. 

42 

s 

3,9S5 

3,201 

'P^Jgl . 

50 

7/246 

The  war  strength  of  batteries  is  not  definitely  known.  It  may  be 
noted,  however,  that  organizations  in  Africa  are  somewhat  under  war 
strength,  though  they  are  nearer  that  strength  than  organizations  in 
France.  It  is,  therefore,  safe  to  say  that  the  average  war  strength  of 
batteries  of  coast  artillery  is  at  least  3  officers  and  200  men. 


18 

Artillery  workmen. — The  foot  artillery  has  sections  and  companies 
of  workmen  aggre<:jating  2,321  officers  and  men.  It  is  not  known  just 
how  these  are  divided  between  the  coast  and  fortress  artillery;  they 
are  probably  about  equally  divided. 

CAVALRY. 

The  typical  formations  of  cavalry  are:  Five  s(}uadrons  to  the  regi- 
ment; 2  rejjjiments  to  the  brigade;  2  brigades  to  the  division.  The 
number  of  brigades  and  divisions  has  already  been  given. 

There  are  79  regiments  in  France,  10  in  Africa,  and  also  some  mis- 
cellaneous organizations. 

The  peace  strength  of  s(|uatlrons  is  5  officers  and  150  men,  141  of 
whom  may  be  counted  as  sabers. 

It  is  said  that  the  actual  strength  is  somewhat  below  the  authorized 
strength. 

The  total  strength  and  distribution  of  tlio  cavalry  in  jx'ace  is  as 
follows : 


Squad- 
rons. 

3,., 
50 

445 

Officers 
and  men. 

France 

65,910 

9,«)00 

75,510 

The  war  strength  of  squadrons  is  5  officers  and  160  men,  the 
strength  in  sabers  being  about  150.  In  war  one  squadron  of  each 
regiment  is  left  behind  as  a  depot  squadron. 

TECHNICAL    TROOPS. 

There  is  no  division,  as  in  the  United  States,  between  signal  troops 
and  engineers.     All  technical  trooi)s  are  known  as  engineers. 

There  is  some  question  as  to  the  organization  of  engineers  in  so  far 
as  concerns  the  numbers  of  companies  and  battalions.  The  budget 
shows  7  regiments  and  1  separate  battalion.  The  number  of  com- 
panies per  battalion  varies  from  'A  to  7.  The  total  numi)or  of  com- 
panies is  probably  101. 

The  peace  strength  of  companies  varies;  the  strongest  companies 
number  4  officers  and  160  men. 

The  total  strength  and  its  distribution  is  as  follows: 


Officers. 

Men. 

France                                                                                  

504 
31 

10,220 

Algiers  and  ' 

'link 

1,800 

535 

18,020 

The  war  strength  of  the  major  portion  of  engineer  companies  is 
4  officers  and  252  men. 


19 


The  train  troops  are  organized  into  "squadrons."  Each  squadron 
contains  3  companies.  There  are  20  "squadrons "  stationed  in  France 
and  12  separate  companies  in  Algiers  and  Tunis. 

The  normal  peace  footing  of  companies  is  4  officers  and  87  men. 

The  total  peace  strength  and  its  distribution  is  as  follows: 


Officers. 

Men. 

France 

360 
45 

7,770 

2,750 

Total                                                                              

405 

10,520 

In  war  each  "squadron"  forms  additional  companies.     The  total 
w^ar  footing  is  not  accurately  known. 

SANITARY    TROOPS. 

The  authorized  peace  strength  of  the  medical  department  is  1,475 
officers  and  6,123  men. 

The  budget  for  1910,  however,  only  allows  1,462  officers. 
The  distribution  is  as  follows: 


Officers. 

Men. 

France                                                                                                       

952 
510 

3888 

2,235 

Total                                                                                

1,462 

0, 123 

VETERINARIANS. 

The  peace  footing  is  467  officers. 

REMARKS    ON    TROOPS. 

In  addition  to  the  organizations  noted  above  there  are  a  great  many 
special  organizations,  schools,  etc. 

In  addition  there  are,  of  course,  administrative  officers,  general 
staff,  etc.  There  are,  for  example,  1,345  officers  of  the  intendance,  of 
whom  1,050  are  in  France. 


TOTAL    PEACE    STRENGTH. 

The  total  peace  strength  of  the  French  Army,  exclusive  of  colonial 
troops  but  including  gendarmes  and  "republican  guards,"  is  as 
follows: 

Officers 29,  209 

Men 577,303 


20 

Of  those  20,368  officers  and  507,764  men  are  stationed  in  France. 
There  are,  in  addition,  2,083  officers  and  26,043  men  of  tlie  colonial 
army  stationed  in  P'rance.  This  brings  the  total  force  stationed  in 
France  up  to  28,451  officers  and  533,807  men.  Tlie  grand  total  of 
the  Metropolitan  Army  and  the  colonial  troops  stationed  in  France  is 
31,292  officers  and  603,346  men,  including  gendarmes  and  republican 
guards.  There  are,  in  addition,  a  great  many  reserve  officers,  but  the 
exact  numbers  are  unknown. 

It  is  to  be  noticed  that  the  actual  number  of  men  with  the  colors  in 
France  is  less  than  that  in  Germany.  This,  together  with  certain  con- 
ditions of  service  and  the  fact  that  there  is  sometimes  a  hiatus  between 
the  discharge  of  one  class  and  the  receipt  of  another,  results  in  France's 
total  trained  strength  being  inferior  to  the  German. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  to  ])e  noted  that,  presumably  on  that 
account,  France  maintains  more  officers  in  peace  than  does  Germany. 

TOTAL    WAR    STRENGTH. 

The  organization  of  the  maximum  mobilization  of  France  can  not 
be  given  with  any  degree  of  accuracy.  The  sum  total  of  trained  men 
which  she  is  able  to  mobilize  amounts  to  about  3,000,000  men;  pos- 
sibly a  little  more. 

It  is  probable  that  her  initial  mobilization  would  be  devoted  to 
bringing  her  army  corps  and  cavalry  divisions  up  to  tlie  typical  for- 
mations alread}^  mentioned. 

This  assumption  would  give  a  strength  of  the  three  arms  in  France, 
on  the  initial  mobilization,  of: 

Battalions  of  infantry (540  I  Batteries 736 

Squadrons  of  cavalry ;^95  ] 

The  fighting  strength  of  the  three  arms  on  initial  mobilization 
would  thus  be : 

Infantry  rides 518,000  I  Field  kii"s -',944 

Cavalry  sabers 59,  250  ' 

The  above  estimate  is  a  minimum.  It  is  jiossible  that  even  the 
initial  mobilization  woidd  see  a  considerable  increase  in  infantry  and 
art  illery  over  the  figures  given. 

COLONIAL   TROOPS. 

Besides  the  troops  already  mentioned,  there  are  about  40,500 
colonial  troops.  About  14,500  of  these  are  Europeans  and  the 
renuiinder  are  natives.  These  ( r()o])s  are  stationed  in  various  colonies, 
such  as  Indo-Ghina. 

They  areorgaiii/ed  as  follows: 

lUitlalions  of  infantry 5!)  I  S(iua(lr(iii  of  cavalry 1 

r.altfrii's  of  artillery :U   |  ('onij)aiii<'s  of  cii^iuecrs 3 


21 

In  addition  to  the  49,500  just  mentioned,  there  appear  to  be  about 
3,723  Euroj)cans  and  S,254  natives  in  the  forces  of  Mada^jascar. 

CONDITIONS    OF    SERVICE. 

The  Metroi)ohtan  Army  alone  is  considered. 

Service  is  compulsory,  and  liability  extends  from  the  twentieth  to 
the  forty-fifth  year  of  the  citizen's  ao;e. 

Service  with  the  colors  is  two  years  for  all  arms.  After  servino; 
with  the  colors  the  men  pass  into  the  reserve  of  the  active  army,  in 
which  they  serve  for  11  years,  during  which  they  are  subject  to  two 
periods  of  instruction,  one  for  23  days,  the  other  for  17  days.  From 
the  reserve  of  the  active  army  the  men  pass  to  the  "territorial  army," 
in  which  they  serve  for  six  years,  subject  to  one  period  of  seven  days' 
instruction.  The  final  service  is  with  the  "reserve  of  the  territorial 
army";  this  service  is  for  six  years;  the  men  receive  no  training,  but 
are  subject  to  muster. 


GERMANY, 


The  German  Army  as  now  organized  in  peace  consists  of  23  army 
corps  and  1  cavalry  division,  besides  certain  special  troops,  schools, 
recruiting  districts,  etc. 

The  organization  into  armies  is  provided  for  by  existing  head- 
quarters and  staffs  of  six  so-called  inspection  districts. 

Normally  the  army  corps  is  composed  of  2  infantry  divisions  and 
certain  train  troops  and  other  auxiliaries.  There  are  now,  however, 
2  corps  having  3  di^nsions  each,  making  a  total  of  48  divisions  and  1 
cavalry  di^dsion. 

While  the  cavahy  divisions  which  would  mobilize  in  war  are  not  all 
formed  in  time  of  peace,  there  exist  certain  staffs  for  such  divisions 
and  they  are  assembled  for  instruction  from  time  to  time. 

The  di\dsion  in  peace  varies  somewhat  in  organization.  There  is, 
liowever,  a  definite  normal  division,  and  such  di^dsions  would  be  the 
rule  in  war.  The  reason  for  the  variations  in  time  of  peace  is  found 
in  the  fact  that  the  strength  of  the  army  is  established  by  a  law  oper- 
ative over  a  period  of  five  years.  Each  periodical  law  increases  the 
strength  of  the  army,  but  the  staffs  are  not  always  created  at  the 
same  time  as  the  troops.  It  thus  happens  that  each  period  sees  cer- 
tain troops  for  whom  staffs  do  not  exist  for  the  formation  of  the  t>^)e 
units.  As  a  rule  each  periodical  law,  however,  establishes  the  nec- 
essary staffs  for  those  units  which  were  created  by  the  ])receding  law. 

INFANTRY. 

The  ty]:)ical  infantry  formations  are  as  follows:  Four  companies 
to  the  battalion,  3  battalions  to  the  regiment,  2  regiments  to  the 
brigade,  2  brigades  to  the  division,  with  one  of  the  divisions  in  a 
corps  having  an  exti-a  battalion  of  sharpshooters  (Jager-sor  Schutzen). 

There  are  106  irrfantry  brigades  ^vith  21 6  r-egiments.  Ther-e  are  633 
battalions  of  infantry.  The  strength  of  battalions  in  peace  is  either 
IS  officers  and  571  men,  or  22  offrcers  and  641  men,  de])crrding  u])on 
circumstances.  The  infantry  number-s  in  ])eace,  including  machine- 
gun  (k'tachments,  13,071  officers  and  391,604  men.  The  str-ength  of 
the  battalion  in  war-  is  variously  estimated  at  from  OSO  r-illes  to  1.000 
lides.  It  is  ])rol)abie  that  the  war-str-errgth  battaliorr  is  able  to  count 
25  officers  and  l.OOO  rillcs  nnd  tlint  llic  nilioii  strvngth  is  about  1.100 

officers  and  nreri. 

(22) 


23 

ARTILLERY. 

All  officers  of  uitilleiy  are  on  one  list.  The  artilleiy  is  divided 
into  field  and  foot  (fortress)  artillery. 

The  fortress  artillery  garrisons  the  land  fortresses,  such  as  Metz, 
etc.,  and  furnishes  the  heavy  field  and  siege  artillery  needed  with  the 
mobile  army.  Seacoast  fortifications  are  under  the  navy,  but  at 
present  the  Second  Foot  Artillery  Regiment  is  serving  in  Danzig 
as  coast  artillery. 

FIELD    ARTILLERY. 

The  typical  field  artillery  formations  are  as  follows:  Three  batteries 
to  the  battalion,  2  battalions  to  the  regiment,  2  regiments  to  the 
brigade.  The  battery  has  6  guns.  There  are  46  field  artillery 
brigades  and  95  regiments.     There  are  583  batteries. 

The  peace  strength  of  batteries  varies  according  to  circumstances, 
as  follows:  Four  officers  and  128  men,  4,  officers  and  115  men,  4  offi- 
cers and  102  men. 

The  field  artillery  numbers  in  peace  3,084  officers  and  66,651  men. 
The  battery  in  war  counts  5  officers  and  150  men. 

Each  battalion  in  war  has  a  light-ammunition  column  of  4  officers 
and  188  men. 

The  total  war  strength  of  a  battalion  is  thus  about  660  officers  and 
men. 

FOOT    (fortress)    ARTILLERY. 

The  organization  of  the  foot  artillery  varies  greatly.  It  may  be 
said,  however,  that  the  typical  formations  are  as  follows:  Four 
batteries  to  the  battalion,  2  battalions  to  the  regiment. 

There  are  18  regiments,  41  battalions,  169  batteries. 

As  already  stated,  1  regiment  (3  battalions)  is  serving  as  coast 
artillery. 

The  peace  strength  of  a  battalion  is  usually  about  21  officers 
and  571  men. 

The  foot  artillery  numbers  in  peace  1,008  officers  and  25,665  men. 

The  war  strength  varies  according  to  the  service.  For  a  heavy 
howitzer  battalion  the  strength  in  officers  and  men  is  1,230,  including 
its  light-ammunition  column. 

As  a  rule  1  battalion  of  heav;>^  field  howitzers  is,  in  war,  assigned 
each  army  corps.  Each  of  these  battalions  consists  of  4  batteries  of 
4  guns  each. 

Heavy  field   mortar    batteries    and   siege   batteries   are   assigned 
according  to  particular  necessities. 
83641°— 11 4 


24 


The  ty])ical  formations  of  cavalry  are  as  follows:  Five  squadrons 
to  the  regiment,  2  regiments  to  the  brigade.  There  are  1  cavalry 
division,  49  brigades,  103  regiments,  510  squadrons.  The  squad- 
ron should  not  be  confused  with  the  squadron  in  the  United  ^States. 

In  i)eace  the  regiment  has  either  25  officers  and  725  men,  or  25 
officers  and  695  men. 

The  cavalry  numbers  in  peace  2,585  officers  and  70,783  men. 

The  squadron  on  a  war  footing  numbers  6  officers  and,  probably, 
172  men,  of  whom  150  are  counted  as  sabers. 

It  is  ])robable  that  the  regiment  only  mobilizes  4  squadrons,  the  lifth 
squadron  being  left  behind  as  a  depot  squadron. 

TECHNICAL   TROOPS. 

It  is  necessary  to  consider  engineer  and  signal  troops  together  if 
we  wish  to  make  any  comj^arison  between  these  organizations  and 
those  of  the  United  States. 

Germany  divides  troops  of  this  class  into  pioneer  troops  and  "Ver- 
kerstruppen,"  literally  communication  troops.  The  latter  are  fur- 
ther subdivided,  for  example,  railroad  troops,  telegraph  troops,  airship 
troops,  etc. 

These  troops  number  altogether  in  peace  1,030  officers  and  25,678 
men. 

These  troops  are  capable  of  almost  indefinite  expansion  in  war.  It 
may  be  noticed  that  the  normal  composition  of  pioneer  companies 
serving  with  divisions  on  a  war  footing  is  270  men. 

SUPPLY    TKAIN. 

Each  battalion  is  composed  of  3  companies  and  a  bakery  detach- 
ment. 

There  are  23  battalions.  The  peace  strength  of  a  battafion  is  14 
officers  and  about  349  men. 

The  total  peace  strength  is  346  officers  and  7.692  men.  The  train 
can  be  almost  indefinitely  expanded  in  war. 

SANITARY    TROOPS. 

The  medical  department  is  composed  in  peace  of  a  total  of  2,288 
officers  and  4,327  men. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  any  accurate  idea  of  the  strength  of  the 
sanitary  troops  in  war,  except  for  those  serving  with  the  army  corps. 


25 

REMARKS    ON    TROOPS. 

In  addition  to  tlie  troops  noted  ab(jvc,  there  uro  a  ^reat  many 
special  organizations,  schools,  castle  guards,  etc. 

In  addition  there  are,  of  course,  administrative  oflicers,  general 
staff,  etc. 

VETERINARIANS. 

The  peace  footing  is  7(51 . 

TOTAL    NUMBER    OF    OFFICERS. 

The  total  number  of  officers,  exclusive  of  medical  officers  and 
veterinarians,  on  a  peace  footing  is  25,722.  These  are  divided 
among  grades  as  follows: 

General  officers 389     Captains «,  535 

Regimental    commanders     (colo-  Lieutenants 15, 554 

nels) ti68     Special  grades  (usually  high) ....         220 

Majors 2,  356 

A  noticeable  feature  of  the  German  officer  corps  is  the  number  of 
nonregimental  officers — 2,916. 

All  detached  service  is  performed  by  extra  officers.  An  organiza- 
tion has  the  officers  to  which  it  is  entitled  constantly  with  it. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  are  about  25,000  reserve  officers. 

TOTAL   PEACE    STRENGTH. 

The  total  peace  strength  amounts  to  622,320  officers  and  men.  To 
these  there  should  be  added  from  10  to  12  thousand  "Einjahrigfrei- 
willigers."  These  men  serve  for  one  year,  defraying  their  own 
expenses. 

TOTAL   WAR    STRENGTH. 

The  organization  of  Germany's  maximum  mobilization  can  not  be 
given  with  any  degree  of  accuracy.  The  sum  total  of  trained  men 
which  she  is  able  to  mobilize  amounts  to  4,610,000. 

What  is  believed  to  be  a  conservative  estimate  of  her  initial 
mobilization  is  as  follows: 

Battalions  of  infantry 902  I  Batteries  (light) 828 

Squadrons  of  cavalry 528  |  Batteries  (heavy) 92 

The  fighting  strength  of  the  three  arms  on  the  initial  mobilization 
would  thus  be: 

Infantry  rifles 962,000  I  Field  guns 5,336 

Cavalry  sabers 79,  200  | 


26 

COLONIAL    TROOPS. 

No  German  troops  of  the  army  proper  serve  outside  the  home 
country  in  time  of  peace. 

Exact  data  as  to  the  numbers  of  cohjnial  troops  are  not  avaihible, 
but  it  is  a  conservative  estimate  that  such  troops  total  over  10,000 
officers  and  men. 

CONDITIONS    OF    SERVICE. 

Service  is  compulsory  and  liability  extends  fi-om  the  seventeenth 
to  the  forty-fifth  year  of  the  citizen's  age. 

The  total  period  of  service  is  divided  into  numerous  categories  of 
which  only  the  more  important  will  be  mentioned. 

Service  with  the  colors  is  three  years  with  the  cavalry  and  horse 
artillery,  and  two  years  for  other  arms. 

After  serving  with  the  colors,  the  men  pass  into  the  reserve,  in 
which  they  serve  4  years  and  6  months  or  5  years  and  6  months, 
according  to  the  arm  of  the  sirvice  During  their  service  the  men  of 
the  reserve  may  be  called  out  for  two  periods  of  training  of  8  weeks 
each.  In  practice  the  majority  of  the  reserve  is  seldom  held  longer 
than  28  days  for  each  period. 

Passing  from  the  reserve  the  men  go  into  various  other  categories. 
The  characteristic  of  this  transition  is  the  constant  diminution  of  the 
period  for  which  the  men  are  liable  to  be  called  out  for  peace  train- 
ing. This  diminution  is  continued  until  reaching  the  "Landstrum"  ; 
they  are  only  liable  for  call  in  war.  Germany  has  more  men  annu- 
ally arriving  at  the  age  of  military  service  than  she  needs  for  duty 
with  the  colors.  Somewhat  over  one  million  men  annually  present 
themselves,  of  whom  a  little  more  than  250,000  are  actually  drafted 
for  duty  with  the  colors. 

Note.— The  new  "  Quinquennate"  for  19n-1915  provides  (or  increases  as  follows:  1  battalion  of  infantry, 
112  machine-gun  companies;  2  field  artillery  brigade  staffs,  2  field  artillery  regimental  staffs,  4  field  artillery 
battalion  staffs,  IS  field  batteries,  :\  foot  artillery  brigade  staffs,  (i  foot  artillery  regimental  stalTs.  several 
battalion  stalls,  and  15  foot  batteries.  In  addition,  there  are  certain  increases  in  other  staffs  and  technical 
troops. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 


The  dual  monarchy  of  Austria-Hungary  maintains  three  separate 
armies  supported  by  tlie  Empire,  by  Austria,  and  by  Huno:ary, 
respectively. 

These  armies  are  known  as  the  common  army,  the  Austrian  (Cis- 
leithane)  Landwehr,  and  the  Hungarian  I.andwehr,  respectively. 
The  two  Landwehr  armies  differ,  however,  from  the  Landwehr  of 
other  countries  in  that  they  are  maintained  with  the  colors  in  time 
of  peace.  At  the  same  time  their  organization  is  somewhat  miscel- 
laneous, and  it  is  beheved  that  to  gain  a  clear  idea  of  the  Austrian 
system  it  is  necessary  to  consider  the  common  army  separately  from 
the  two  Landwehr  armies.  To  save  space  all  the  Landwehr  troops 
are  grouped  together.  It  may  also  be  noted  that  the  common  army 
is  known  as  the  first  line,  and  the  two  Landwehr  armies  as  the  second 
line. 

HIGHER    ORGANIZATION. 

In  the  common  army  there  are  16  army  corps  with  33  divisions. 
There  are  15  divisions  in  the  Landwehr.  There  are  5  cavalry  divisions 
organized  in  peace;  they  are  attached  to  army  corps  and  all  belong 
to  the  common  army. 

The  common  army  has  58  brigades  of  infantry  and  19  brigades  of 
cavalry.  In  the  Landwehr  there  are  30  brigades  of  infantry  and 
probably  6  of  cavalry.  There  are  IG  brigades  of  field  artillery  in  the 
common  army,  organized  in  peace. 

The  above  is  believed  to  be  correct,  although  some  authorities  give 
a  greater  number  of  brigade  organizations  for  infantry  and  cavalry. 

INFANTRY. 

The  formations  of  infantry  vary,  but  it  may  be  said  tliat  the  typical 
formations  are  4  companies  to  the  battalion;  4  battalions  to  the 
regiment;  2  regiments  to  the  brigade;  2  brigades  to  the  division. 
In  the  common  army  there  are  110  regiments  with  4(j7  battalions. 
In  the  Landwehr  there  are  fiS  regiments  with  214^  battalions. 

(27) 


28 

The  strength  varies  greatly  in  peace.  Some  of  the  Landwelir  com- 
|)anies  have  as  low  as  5  oflicers  and  50  men.  For  the  common  army 
tlie  usual  strength  is  5  officers  and  92  men  to  the  company. 

Tiie  total  peace  strength  is  as  follows: 


Officers. 

Men. 

9,810 
4,009 

184,31.3 

52,  .581 

15,419 

236, 894 

In  war  the  battalion  numbers  about  1,000  officers  and  men,  count- 
ing about  900  rifles.  The  typical  army  corps  thus  has  a  war  strength 
of  about  28,800  infanlrv  rifles. 


FIEI>D    ARTILT.ERY. 

The  Austrian  field  artillery  is  reported  by  Yeltze  to  be  in  a  transi- 
tory stage.  It  is  known  that  it  has  recently  been  rearmed  and  the 
current  Austrian  periodicals  point  toward  a  reorganization  and  con- 
siderable increase.  The  latest  budget  is  not,  however,  available  and 
there  are  no  reports  on  ffie  giving  any  definite  clue  as  to  what  is  to  be 
done  regarding  reorganization. 

The  present  organization  is  as  follows : 


Brigades. 

Regiments. 

Battalions. 

Batteries. 

16 

62 

131 
8 

309 

16 

The  peace  strength  varies  greatly;  the  usual  battery  strength  is  5 
officers  and  90  or  109  men.  In  addition  to  the  battery  strength  regi- 
ments have  a  reserve  of  men. 

The  total  peace  strength  is  as  follows  (minimum  hgures) : 


Common  armv. 


Oflicers.       Men 


1,728 
120 


31,284 
1.84U 


It  is  understood  that  in  war  the  regiments  mobihze  a  large  addi- 
tional number  of  batteries,  but  iKxh'finite  information  is  available. 

The  entire  subject  of  the  war  strength  of  Austrian  artillery  is  little 
understood  l)y  foreigners.  The  United  States  military  attache 
reports  that  he  has  been  unable  to  get  any  reliable  detailed  informa- 
tion on  this  subject.  The  opinion  is  ventiu-ed  that  the  war  organiza- 
tion corresponds,  so  far  as  concerns  artillery,   to  that  of  CJermauy. 


29 

This  would  give  3  batteries  and  a  light  ammunition  column  to  the 
battalion,  the  strength  of  batteries  being  about  150  men.  This 
would  require  the  mobilization  of  an  extra  battery  for  the  majorit}' 
of  battalions  and  the  division  of  the  existing  regimental  ammunition 
column  into  two  columns,  one  for  each  battalion  of  the  regiment. 

As  to  the  number  of  pieces  in  the  battery  on  a  war  footing  the  con- 
sensus of  opinion  seems  to  point  to  6.  "With  the  old  material  it  was 
8  with  6  officers  and  190  men. 

It  is  believed  that  the  ''transitory  state"  already  mentioned  is 
responsible  for  the  lack  of  i-easonably  accurate  information  on  this 
subject. 

FORTRESS    ARTIT>LERY, 

The  fortress  artillery  is  divided  between  coast  artillery  and  the 
garrisons  of  land  fortresses  as  distinguished  from  coast  fortifica- 
tions. It  is  all  part  of  the  common  army.  The  total  is  6  regiments 
with  19  battalions  and  72  batteries.  The  total  number  of  officers 
and  men  on  a  peace  footing  are  383  and  7,757,  respectively. 

Dividing  them  by  the  character  of  their  service  we  have: 

COAST    ARTILLERY. 

There  are  19  companies  serving  as  coast  artillery. 

Definite  data  as  to  the  total  peace  strength  of  these  troops  are  not 
available.  Estimating  the  strength  as  slightly  greater  than  that  of 
other  fortress  organizations  would  give  100  officers  and  2,000  men. 

The  war  strength  is  probably  250  men  per  company. 

FORTRESS    ARTILLERY    (lAND). 

Admitting  the  strength  assigned  the  coast  artillery  the  total  peace 
strength  of  the  53  companies  (4  regiments)  of  fortress  artillery  is  283 
officers  and  5,757  men. 

This  artillery  garrisons  the  various  land  fortifications  and  furnishes 
siege  and  heavy  field  artillery  as  well  as,  probably,  some  machine  guns, 
to  the  mobile  forces. 

The  war  strength  of  batteries  is  6  officers  and  about  250  men. 

It  seems  probable  that  in  any  war,  except  with  Russia,  in  which 
Austria  might  engage,  the  major  portion  of  the  fortress  artillery  ]) roper 
would  be  used  to  supplement  the  shortage  of  field  artillery  in  the 
Landwehr.  Am])le  material  is  believed  to  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
fortress  artillery  for  that  purpose.     (See  Veltze.) 


The  typical  formations  of  cavalry  are:  Six  scjuadrons  to  the  regi- 
ment, 2  regiments  to  the  brigade,  2  brigades  to  the  division. 


30 

There  are  19  bricrades  with  42  regiments  and  252  squadrons  in  the 
common  army,  and  G  l)ri<!;a(k's  with  IG  regiments  and  101  squadrons 
in  the  Landwehr.  The  peace  strength  of  squath'ons  in  the  common 
army  is  nominally  5  ofiicers  and  171  men;  some  of  the  men  are,  how- 
over,  detached  to  form  pioneer  and  other  detachments  at  headcjuarters. 

The  strength  of  sfjuath-ons  of  Landwelir  is  5  officers  and  78  men  for 
the  Austrian  and  4  officers  and  GO  men  for  tlie  Hungarian. 

Total  strength  and  distribution  are  as  follows: 


Officers. 

Men. 

1,671 
604 

45,870 

7.91.'i 

Total                                                                                       

2,275 

53,783 

The  war  strength  of  squadrons,  both  armies,  is  5  officers  and  171 
men,  counting  150  sabers.  Each  regiment  also  forms  a  reserve  squad- 
ron and  a  depot  s(iuadron ;  cadres  exist  for  these  in  peace. 

TECHNICAT.    TROOPS. 

These  troops  have  a  variety  of  organizations.  The  most  important 
are  the  pioneer  battalions.  There  are  15  of  these  with  5  companies 
each  and  cadres  for  reserve  companies. 

All  technical  troops  belong  to  the  common  army.  The  total  of  all 
technical  troops  is  as  follows:  5G2  oflTicers,  9,945  men. 

The  peace  strength  of  pioneer  companies  is  5  ofiicers  and  112  men. 

In  war  these  ti'oops  are  enormously  expanded.  In  the  first  jilace 
each  battalion  of  i)ioneer  troops  forms  2  extra  companies,  then  each 
company  is  raised  to  about  5  ofiicers  and  250  or  more  men. 

TRAIN    TROOPS. 

There  are  16  so-called  divisions  (battalions).  They  all  belong  to 
the  common  army. 

The  total  is  444  ollicers  and  4,G2G  men. 

These  troops  are  capable  of  enormous  e\i)ansion  in  war.  but  no 
definite  data  are  available. 


The  peace  st 
the  common  army. 

The  warstrenglh  is  not  known. 


SANITARY    TROOPS. 

Ih  is  1/_M7  oliiceis  and  :>.0G()  men.  all  belonging  to 


K  KM  ARKS    ON    TROOPS. 


In    addition    to    the    lrooi)s    notiMJ    there    are   special    formations, 
schools,  stalls,  etc. 


31 

rOTAr,    PKACK    STI{RN(iTTr. 

The  total  peace  strength  is  .Jl.oLlS  oiiicers,  including  a  certain 
number  of  oflicials  chissed  as  ofhcers,  and  .']68,919  men. 

TOTAL    WAR    STRENGTH. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  any  definite  accurate  statements  as  to 
Austria's  maximum  mobilization  or  even  as  to  her  initial  mobiliza- 
tion. Estimates  as  to  the  total  number  of  fully  trained  men  subject 
to  call  vary. 

Following  the  conservative  plan  which  lias  been  used  in  estimating 
the  strength  of  other  countries,  it  may  be  said  tliat  Austria  has 
2,000,000  fully  trained  men  subject  to  call. 

Assuming  that  the  initial  mobilization  would  be  confined  to  raising 
existing  organizations  to  a  war  footing  we  would  have: 

Common  army:                                                  I  Lanchvehr: 

Infantry  battalions 467  '  Infantry  battalions 214| 

Batteries  field  artillery 309  Batteries  field  artillery 16 

Squadrons  cavalry 252;  Squadrons  cavalry 101 

This  would  give  the  following  fighting  strengtli  of  the  three  armies: 


Common  army: 

Infantry  rifles 420,  300 

Field  guns 1,  854 

Cavalry  sabers 37,  800 


Landwehr: 

Infantry  rifles 192,  850 

Field  guns 96 

Cavalry  sabers 15, 150 


It  will  be  noted  that  the  above  figures  do  not  consider  the  use 
of  any  fortress  artillery  as  field  artillery,  nor  do  they  consider  the  for- 
mation of  additional  organizations  of  any  arm. 

It  is  not  certain  that  Landwehr  organizations  mobilize  at  the 
strengtli  of  regulars. 

All  in  all,  the  figures  for  the  common  army  may  be  considered 
reliable,  while  those  for  the  Landwehr,  so  far  as  concerns  war  organ- 
ization, are  but  little  more  than  an  incomplete  guess. 

CONDITIONS    OF    SERVICE. 

Service  is  compulsory  and  liability  extends  from  the  nineteenth 
to  the  forty-second  year  of  the  citizen's  age. 

Service  is  divided  into  numerous  categories.  The  most  important 
of  these  are  as  follows;  Common  army,  3  years  with  the  colors  and  7 
years  in  the  first  reserve;  during  the  latter  period  the  men  are  subject 
to  call  for  3  periods  of  training  of  4  weeks  each.  Landwehr,  2  years 
with  the  colors  and  10  years  in  the  first  reserve;  during  the  latter 
period  the  men  may  be  recalled  for  instruction  under  vaiying  and 
complex  rules. 


RUSSIA. 


It  is  difficult  to  make  a  satisfactory  briol'  resume  of  the  Russian 
Army.  This  is  due  to  several  causes.  In  the  first  place,  the  vast 
extent  of  Russia's  territory,  the  internal  conditions  of  the  nation, 
and  the  character  of  the  countries  adjoinino;  her,  make  it  necessary 
for  her  to  maintain  what  amounts  to  three  separate  armies,  namely, 
tlie  Army  of  Europe  and  the  Caucasus ;  tlie  Army  of  Central  Asia ; 
the  Army  of  Siberia  and  Eastern  Asia.  Then  the  troops  are  divided 
up  into  numerous  categories,  some  of  which  are  most  unusual  and 
about  which  there  is  little  information  that  can  be  depended  upon. 
For  example  we  find,  "active  troops,"  "reserve  troops,"  "2d  reserve 
troops,"  and  "fortress  troops." 

For  these  reasons  it  is  thought  well  to  confine  this  study  to  the 
active  troops  and  to  the  fortress  troops. 

HIGHER    ORGANIZATION. 

The  entire  territory  is  divided  into  i:^  districts,  each  district 
having  a  commander  who  presumably  commands  the  forces  mobilized 
in  the  district  in  war. 

There  are  31  army  corps,  with  56  divisions  organized  in  ])ea<e. 
In  addition  there  are  23  cavalry  divisions  organized  in  peace.  The 
cavaliy  divisions  are  usually  assigned  to  army  corps  in  peace.  The 
cavalry  division  \isually  contains  24  squadrons  with  2  horse  batteries. 

The  organization  of  the  army  corps  varies  in  peace,  but  usually 
has  two  divisions. 

The  strength  of  the  army  corps  at  full  war  stiength  is  piobably 
27,(H)()  infantry  rifles,  1,S0()  cavalry,  and  112  guns,  with  n  vjirying 
additional  numbei-  of  heavy  guns. 

INFANTRY. 

If  the  infantry  can  be  said  to  have  any  typical  foimations,  they 
are  as  follows:  Four  companies  lo  llio  bjittalion:  four  battalions  to 
the  regiment;  two  icgimenls  to  the  brigad(>;  two  brigades  to  the 
division. 

There  are,  however,  regiments  with  1,  2,  or  'A  battalions,  and 
battalions  with  .'>  or  inor(>  companies.  There  ai(>  11.'!  brigades  with 
2S1  regiineuts  in  tlu>  active  aiiny.  The  total  nunihei'  of  battalions 
in  the  acti\'e  Mrin\-  is  1,1  Ml. 

(32) 


33 

Of  fortress  troops  there  are  44  infantry  battalions.  The  infantry 
battahon  numbers  in  peace,  on  the  average,  about  500  officers  and 
men. 

The  total  peace  strength  of  the  infantry  of  the  active  army  and  of 
the  fortress  troops  is,  therefore,  as  follows: 

Omcers 
and  men. 

Active  army 558,  000 

Fortress  troops 22,  000 

Grand  total 580, 000 

The  war  strength  of  the  battalion  io,  probably,  872  rifles  with  a 
total  of  1,000  officers  and  men. 

ARTILLERY. 

The  artillery  is  divided  between  the  artillery  of  the  active  army, 
and  that  of  the  fortress  troops,  as  well  as  the  categories  not  con- 
sidered here. 

The  batteries  of  the  fortress  troops  are  further  divided  into  "sortie" 
batteries,  "siege"  (including  heavy  field  batteries)  batteries,  and 
"fortress  batteries."  Of  the  latter  class  some  are  serving  as  coast 
artiller}^     Separating  these  various  classes  we  have: 

FIELD    ARTILLERY. 

The  Russian  artillery  organization  is  pecuHar.  Batteries  contain 
8  guns  and  are  commanded  by  lieutenant  colonels.  As  the  battery 
is  so  organized  as  to  be  divisible  into  two  self-sustaining  "half  bat- 
teries," it  may  be  said  that  the  Russian  "battery"  is  in  reality  a 
battalion.  Two  or  three  batteries  form  a  group  (regiment),  and 
two  or  three  groups  a  brigade,  commanded  by  a  general  officer. 

As  a  rule  there  are  6  batteries  (48  guns)  in  one  of  the  divisions  of  a 
corps  and  8  batteries  (64  guns)  in  the  other  division. 

Horse  artillery  batteries  have  6  guns.  There  are  61  artillery 
brigades  in  the  active  army,  with  199  "groups"  (regiments). 

The  total  number  of  batteries  (battalions)  in  the  active  army  is 
549. 

In  the  fortress  troops  there  are  5  "sortie  batteries,"  giving  a  total 
of  554  batteries  (battalions). 

The  battery  in  peace  has  6  officers  and  164  men. 

The  total  peace  strength  of  the  field  artillery  is  therefore  as  follows: 

Officers  and  men. 

Active  army 93,  260 

Fortress  troops 850 

Grand  total 94, 110 

The  war  strength  of  batteries  is  at  least  6  officers  and  227  men, 
possibl}^  more. 


34 

SIEGE   (heavy    field)   ARTILLERY. 

There  are  58  batteries,  all  of  which  are  carried  as  a  j)art  of  the 
fortress  troops.  The  peace  strength  is  .'^  officers  and  119  men,  giving 
a  total  of  some  7,076  officers  and  men.. 

The  war  strength  of  those  batteries  is  probably  -i  officers  and  238 
men. 

FORTRESS    artillery. 

There  are  264  companies  of  fortress  artillery.  Of  these  116  are 
serving  at  fortresses  situated  on  the  seacoast;  for  the  purposes  of 
this  paper  it  is  assumed  that  these  116  companies  are  all  serving  as 
coast  artillery,  although  such  is  not  believed  to  be  the  case. 

The  peace  strength  of  these  organizations  varies.  An  average  is 
probably  3  officers  and  119  men  per  company.     We  thus  have: 

Officers  and  men. 

Fortress  artillery 18, 056 

Coast  artillery 14, 152 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  figures  given  for  coast  artillery 
are  the  maximum . 

The  war  strength  of  organizations  of  fortress  and  coast  artillery  is 
not  definitely  known,  but  probably  averages  3  officers  and  238  men 
per  battery. 

cavalry. 

The  cavalry  organizations  vary  greatly.  The  regmient  contains 
from  2  to  6  squadrons — 6  being  the  most  frequent  number.  As 
already  stated  there  are  23  cavalry  divisions  organized  in  peace. 

There  are  7453^  squadrons  in  the  active  army.  The  strength  of  the 
squatlron  varies  greatly.  The  maximum  average  is  probably  5  officers 
and  150  men.  There  are  thus  in  the  active  army  in  peace  about 
115,000  officers  and  men.  There  are  no  cavalry  organizations  in  the 
"fortress  troops." 

The  war  strength  of  the  squadron  probably  averages  5  officers  and 
163  men,  counting  150  sabers. 

TECHNICAL    TROOPS. 

These  troops  comprise  engineer  and  signal  troops.  In  the  active 
army  there  are  266  companies  of  these  troops.  In  the  "fortress 
troops"  there  are  36  companies. 

In  the  active  army  the  technical  troops  are  usually  organized  into 
battalions  of  4  coini)anies  each.  They  are  further  organized  into  17 
brigades  of  a  varying  number  of  battalions. 

In  peace  the  strength  of  organizations  varies  very  greatly.  As  an 
average  4  officers  and  120  men  per  company  is  believed  to  be  about 


35 

correct.  This  would  give  a  total  for  the  active  and  fortress  troops 
of  37,448  officers  and  men.  The  war  strength  varies  also.  A  mitii- 
mum  average  is  about  4  officers  and  200  men. 

SUPPLY    TRAIN. 

On  a  peace  footing  there  are  5  battaliv)ns  of  4  companies  each  in 
Europe,  and  there  are  2  companies  in  Siberia.  The  peace  strength  of 
these  organizations  is  not  known.  It  is  probably  very  large,  consid- 
ering the  number  of  organizations,  as  on  mobilization  they  furnish 
a  complete  supply  train  for  each  army  corps. 

SANITARY    TROOPS. 

The  sanitary  officers  have  no  military  rank,  but  instead  have  civil 
rank.  The  total  peace  strength  of  surgeons  is  3,500;  this  includes 
surgeons  of  classes  of  troops  other  than  those  considered  here.  The 
peace  strength  of  enlisted  sanitary  troops  is  not  known. 

The  war  footing  of  sanitary  troops  is  not  known. 

GENERAL    REMARKS    ON    TROOPS. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  there  are  many  officers  of  infantry,  cavalry, 
and  artillery  not  included  in  the  above.  Neither  are  the  men  of 
various  staffs,  etc.,  included. 

Neither  are  the  staff  officers  included.  There  are  also  a  great  many 
special  formations  for  schools,  police,  etc.,  concerning  which  no 
accurate  information  is  available. 

TOTAL    PEACE    STRENGTH. 

The  total  peace  strength  amounts  all  told  to  about  1,200,000 
officers  and  men. 

TOTAL    WAR    STRENGTH. 

The  total  number  of  trained  men  subject  to  call  amounts  to 
.5,000,000. 

The  organization  of  these  troops  probably  would  follow  the  same 
proportions  as  those  in  the  active  army  raised  to  a  war  footing. 

The  vast  extent  of  Russia,  the  semicivilized  condition  of  many  of 
her  subjects  and  of  more  of  her  neighbors,  and  the  peculiar  political 
difficulties  of  much  of  her  interior,  combine  to  render  it  very  prob- 
lematical as  to  the  number  of  troops  Russia  can  mobilize  on  any  one 
theater  of  war.  vSome  authorities  maintain  that  the  difficulties  cited 
limit  the  number  which  she  can  mobilize  on  any  one  theater  to  about 
1,000,000  trained  men.  If,  however,  we  remember  that  in  the  war 
with  Japan,  Russia  mobilized  and  had  in  the  field  at  the  end  of  the 
war  a  million  men  and  that  the  theater  of  war  w^as  only  to  be  reached 


36 

by  a  single  lino  of  railway  several  thousand  miles  in  length,  it  seems 
that  on  a  conservative  estimate  Kussia  could  mobilize  2,000,000 
fully  trained  men  upon  her  European  frontiers. 

CONDITIONS    OF    SERVICE. 

Military  service  is  obligatory.  Passing  from  service  with  the  colors 
the  men  pass  into  various  reserves. 

On  account  of  the  great  variety  of  reserves,  liability  to  call,  etc., 
no  further  statements  can  be  given  in  a  brief  form. 

Note.— Since  the  aliovc  was  prepared  brief  notice  has  l)een  received  statinj;  that  the  reorganization  of 
the  Russian  Army  has  l)eon  completed.  This  reorganization  had  to  do  chiefly  with  doing  away  with  the 
numerous  miscellaneous  organizations  and  incorporating  the  men  in  the  army  jiroper. 

According  to  this  information,  the  war  strength  of  infantry  and  field  artillery  is  somewhat  greater  and 
that  of  cavalry  is  somewhat  less  than  the  figures  given  in  this  study.  This  information  is  not  in  sufBeient 
detail  to  justify  forming  new  tables,  etc. 


ENGLAND. 


The  iiiilitaiy  forces  of  Eiij>;laii(l  fall  under  several  categories.  The 
principal  of  these  are:  The  legular  forces,  and  the  territorial  forces. 
The  regular  forces  are  again  divided  into  British  forces — Indian 
forces,  and  colonial  forces.  Exact  data  are  not  available  for  the 
native  Indian  forces;  accordingly,  this  study  will  not  take  those 
forces  up  in  the  detail  devoted  to  other  forces. 

In  addition  to  the  forces  already  enumerated  certain  of  the  colonies, 
Canada,  for  example,  maintain  considerable  forces  of  militia.  As 
has  already  been  indicated,  exact  data  as  to  the  number  of  men  of 
the  several  arms  are  lacking  for  some  of  the  various  categories. 
Moreover,  it  is  thought  that  the  purposes  of  this  study  would  be 
served  by  detailed  statements  of  the  British  forces  (regular).  How- 
ever, as  the  territorial  forces  are  considerable  and  correspond  more 
nearly  to  our  militia  forces  than  any  other  body  maintained  by  a 
first-class  power,  a  brief  statement  will  be  made  of  those  forces. 

The  territorial  force  is  not  yet  completely  filled  up,  but  the  latest 
returns  of  1910  as  compared  with  those  of  1909  indicate  that  the 
maximum  strength  will  be  reached  in  the  near  future.  Accordhigly, 
the  authorized  strength  forms  the  basis  of  the  detailed  statements 
concerning  the  territorial  forces. 

HIGHER   ORGANIZATION. 

The  British  forces  (regular)  within  the  British  Islands  are  organized 
into  six  divisions  and  four  cavalry  brigades. 

The  territorial  force  is  to  have  higher  organizations  as  follows: 
Fourteen  divisions  (similar  to  those  of  the  regulars),  14  mounted 
brigades. 

The  forces  in  India,  including  regular  and  native,  are  dividetl  into 
two  armies.  These  armies  contain  a  total  of  9  divisions  and  8 
cavalry  brigades. 

The  division  in  India  is  smaller  than  is  usually  the  rule  (about 
13,000). 

REGULAR    FORCES. 
INFANTRY. 

The  battahon  consists  of  8  companies.  Regiments  exist,  but  as 
they  are  not  used  in  practice  they  will  not  be  considered  here. 

The  battalion  is  commanded  by  a  lieutenant  colonel,  the  company 
by  a  major  or  captain. 

(37) 


38 

Four  hattalions  loiin  a  l)ri<!;a(k',  as  a  rule.  Theie  are  3  brigades  to 
the  division.  There  are  18  brigades  stationed  in  the  British  Islands 
(it  appears,  however,  from  the  estimates  that  lonly  17  brigades  are 
piovided  with  brigadier  generals,  commanding).  There  are  27 
l)riga(les  in  India,  counting  native  troops.  There  are  82  battalions 
stationed  in  the  British  Islands,  28  in  the  colonies  other  than  India, 
and  52  in  India,  giving  a  total  of  157  battalions  of  regular  infantry. 
Battalions  var}^  in  strength  according  to  stations,  etc.  At  home 
the  battalion  usually  number  24  oflficer-s  and  777  men;  in  the  colonies 
28  officers  and  904  men;  in  India  29  officers  and  1,004  men. 

Cadres  also  exist  for  so-called  "reserve  battalions."  There  are 
103  of  these  battalions,  27  of  which  are  termed  "extra  reserve." 
The  function  of  the  reserve  battalion,  proper,  is  to  supply  men  to  fill 
up  vacancies  in  the  battalions.  The  "extra  reserve"  battalions  may, 
if  necessary,  be  mobilized  in  war — probably  utilized  on  lines  of  com- 
munications. 

The  j)eace  strength  of  the  ordinary  reserve  battalion  is  8  officers 
and  90  men,  for  the  extra  reserve  6  officers  and  30  men. 

The  total  peace  strength  of  infantry  is  as  follows: 

OfBcers  and  men. 

BritiBli  Islands 76, 032 

Colonies , 21,  587 

India 53,642 

Total 151,  261 

The  numbers  for  the  British  Islands  include  1,368  officers  and  men 
for  duty  with  the  territorial  forces;  reference  will  be  made  to  these 
and  others  for  the  various  branches  later  on.  The  total  number  of 
infantry  officers  is  4,906. 

The  war  strength  of  the  battalion  is  29  officers  and  955  men,  with 
an  additional  officer  and  90  men  left  at  the  immediate  base  to  fill  up 
the  first  vacancies.  Deducting  attached  sanitary  troops,  teamsters, 
etc.,  indicates  the  numl)er  of  rifles  available  for  the  battalion  firing 
line  as  about  860. 

AKTII.LKUY. 

The  British  artillery  (all  branches)  is  known  as  ''The  Royal  Regi- 
ment of  Artillery."  The  "regiment"  is  divided  into  "The  Royal 
Horse  Ai-tillery,"  "The  Royal  Field  Artillery,"  and  "The  Royal 
Garrison  Artillery."  The  mistake  is  frequently  made  of  considering 
the  garrison  artillery  as  coast  artillery.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  a  large 
portion  of  "The  Royal  Garrison  Artillery"  is  field  artillery.  The 
ex|)lanali()n  for  tiiis  state  of  affairs  is  found  in  the  well-known  tenacity 
with  which  the  Fnglish  cling  to  traditions. 

In  the  following  tiie  artillery  has  been  grouped  where  it  belongs. 
Even  so,  it  is  believed  that  ttx)  much  has  been  assigned  the  coast 


39 

artillery,  as  no  account  is  taken  of  sucli  of  the  garrison  artillery  as  is 
serving  as  fortress  artillery  (land)  or  as,  for  example,  legation  guards 
at  Peking,  China. 

KEGULAU    FIELD   AKTn.LEUY. 

The  English  field  artillery,  as  is  tlie  case  with  their  artillery  in 
general,  has  a  peculiar  organization. 

Batteries  are  commanded  by  majors,  and  contain  6  guns,  except 
that  heavy  field  gun  batteries  only  have  4. 

Batteries  are  grouped  in  "brigades"  (battalions),  commanded  by 
lieutenant  colonels.  Here  again  there  is  an  exception,  as  the  heavy 
gun  batteries  are  not  "brigaded."  "Brigades"  are  grouped  under  a 
general  officer  to  form  divisional  artillery.  Brigades  are  composed 
of  3  batteries,  except  for  the  horse  artillery  and  for  howitzers,  in 
which  2  batteries  form  the  brigade. 

The  group  of  "divisional  artillery"  contains:  Four  brigades  (1  of 
wdiich  is  equipped  wdth  howitzers),  and  1  heavy  gun  battery — a  total 
of  70  guns  per  division.  Howitzer  brigades  are  being  increased  to 
3  batteries;  this  w^ill  give  76  guns  per  division.  Cavalry  divisions 
have  2  brigades,  or  a  total  of  24  guns. 

There  are  in  the  British  Islands  6  organized  groups  of  "divisional 
artillery."  The  number  of  such  groups  in  India  is  not  definitely 
known,  but  is  probably  9,  corresponding  to  the  number  of  divisions. 

There  are  14  "brigades"  of  horse  artillery  organized  in  time  of 
peace,  comprising  28  batteries.  These  batteries  are  stationed  as 
follows : 

Batteries. 

British  Isles 14 

Colonies  other  than  India 3 

India : H 

In  addition  there  is  1  "depot"  and  1  "riding  establishment," 
besides  cadres  of  officers  and  men  for  forming  9  ammunition  columns. 

The  peace  strength  of  batteries  varies  according  to  three  schedules, 
viz,  higher,  5  officers  and  170  men;  lower,  5  officers  and  139  men; 
Indian,  5  officers  and  175  men.  There  are  6  batteries  on  the  higher 
establishment,  S  on  the  lower,  and  11  on  the  Indian.  Batteries  in 
colonies  other  than  India  are  on  a  special  establishment  wliicli  is 
about  the  same  as  the  Indian. 

The  "depot"  contains  5  officers  and  201  men,  the  "riding  estab- 
lishment" 6  officers  and  129  men.  For  cadres  of  ammunition 
columns  there  are  maintained  in  peace  17  officers  and  174  men. 

The  total  number  of  horse  artillery  is  as  follows : 

Officers  and  men. 

British  Isles •^'  ^"4 

Colonies  other  than  India ^^^ 

India 1.923 

Grand  total 5, 528 


40 

There  are  50  brigades  of  light  artillery  organized  in  time  of  peace, 
comprising  150  batteries.  In  addition  there  are  9  bat  teries  of  moun- 
tain artillery  and  12  batteries  of  heavy  field  artillery.  The  total  of 
the  light,  mountain,  and  heavy,  is  thus  171  batteries.  Although  the 
mountain  and  heavy  artillery  is  not  carried  in  the  station  list  as 
organized  in  "brigades,"  staflfs  exist  for  such  organizations  at  the 
rate  of  3  batteries  to  the  brigade.  In  addition  the  mountain  artillery 
is  organized  as  a  "division,"     There  are  also  6  "depots." 

The  strength  of  batteries  varies.  In  the  light  artillery  there  are  21 
batteries,  with  5  officers  and  164  men  each,  66  with  5  officers  and  137 
men  each,  18  with  4  officers  and  87  men  each,  33  with  5  officers  and 
174  men  each,  9  with  5  officers  and  147  men  each,  and  3  with  5  officers 
and  179  men  each. 

The  "depots"  each  have  4  officers  and  192  men. 

There  are  also  13  ammunition  columns,  each  having  a  strength  of 
about  4  officers  and  60  men. 

Combining  all  the  field  artiller}^,  including  horse,  we  have  its  sta- 
tions and  numbers  as  follows: 


Batteries. 

Officers 
and  men. 

British  Isles...          .  . 

ng 

9 
71 

19,087 
1,383 

India 

14,179 

Total        .  . 

199 

34  644 

In  addition  there  are  in  England  12,000  special  reserves  for  the 
field  artillery.  This  personnel  is  handled  by  the  "training  bat- 
teries." In  war  it  brings  the  units  up  to  war  strength  and  may  form 
new  units. 

The  war  strength  of  batteries  is  as  follows:  Iloi-se  batteries,  5  offi- 
cers and  203  men;  horse  artillery  light  ammunition  column,  4  officers 
and  214  men;  "brigade"  of  horse  artillery  (headcpiarters,  2  batteries, 
and  light  ammunition  column),  17  officers,  1  medical  officer,  668 
men,  12  guns.  In  addition  1  officer  and  63  men  are  left  at  the 
immediate  base  as  a  first  reenforcement. 

Field  batteries,  light,  have  5  officers  and  198  men.  Light  ammuni- 
tion column,  5  officers  and  302  men. 

The  "brigade"  of  light  artillery  (headquarters,  2  batteries,  and 
light  ammunition  column),  24  officers,  1  medical  officer,  939  men,  18 
guns.  In  addition  1  officer  and  SO  men  are  left  at  the  immediate 
base  as  a  first  reinforcement. 

The  howitzer  brigade  (2  batteries,  12  guns,  and  light  ammunition 
column)  has  a  total  of  24  odicers,  1  medical  ollicer,  and  533  men. 
In  addition  1  officer  and  51  men  are  left  at  the  immediate  base. 


41 

The  heavy  field  gun  battery  has  4  guns  and  a  liglit  ammunition 
column,  with  a  total  of  6  otticcrs  and  224  men.  In  addilion  22  men 
are  left  at  the  immediate  base. 

The  divisional  ammunition  column  carries  both  artillery  and  small 
arms  ammunition.  It  has  a  total  of  19  odicers,  1  medical  officer,  and 
809  men.  In  addition  1  officer  and  79  men  are  left  at  the  immediate 
base. 

REGULAR   SIEGE   ARTILLERY. 

There  are  3  companies,  organized  as  a  brigade,  with  a  total  of  20 
officers  and  608  men.  These  companies  are  all  stationed  in  the 
British  Isles. 

The  war  strength  of  a  battery  of  siege  artillery  varies  between  5 
officers  and  124  men  and  5  officers  and  181  men,  with  additional  men 
at  the  base,  etc. 

REGULAR  COAST  ARTILLERY. 

As  has  been  stated,  this  paper  considers  all  of  that  portion  of  the 
''Royal  Regiment  of  Artillery"  not  definitely  known  as  field  or  siege 
artillery  to  be  coast  artillery.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  as  has  also  been 
indicated,  this  is  believed  to  be  too  great  an  allowance  for  the  coast 
artillery.     However,  the  figures  are: 


Companies. 


British  Isles 

Colonies  (exclusive  of  India) 
India 


34  and  4  "de- 
pots." 


The  "colonies  other  than  India"  include  Gibraltar,  Malta,  Aden, 
Singapore,  Hongkong,  Capetown,  and  Bermuda,  not  to  mention  less 
important  places. 

The  peace  strength  of  companies  varies  greatly.  Some  have  4 
officers  and  about  100  men,  while  others  have  as  high  as  7  officers  and 
230  or  more  men. 

The  total  number  of  companies  and  strength  on  a  peace  footing  is 
shown  below: 


Companies. 

Officers 
and  men. 

British  Isles 

34 

26 
21 

6,578 

Colonies  (other  than  India)                                         

5, 23ti 

India 

3,151 

Total 

81 

In  addition  there  are  43  officers  and  1,440  men  in  the  special  reserve 
for  that  portion  of  "The  Royal  Regiment  of  Artillery"  known  as 
Garrison  Artillery.  The  numbers  of  these  belonging  to  the  several 
classes  of  artillery  are  not  definitely  known. 


42 

REOULAR   CAVALRY. 

As  a  rulo  regiments  have  'A  sciiiadrons,  the  so-called  "Household 
Cavalry"  (3  regiments)  luive  4  squadrons  to  the  regiment.  It  is 
understood  that  eventually  there  will  be  a  "depot"  for  each  regi- 
ment, but  at  present  there  are  only  6  such  organizations  for  the  entire 
cavalry.  The  s(|uadron  conforms  to  the  troop  in  the  United  States 
in  that  it  is  the  lowest  administrative  unit,  etc.  It  counts  about  150 
sabers  in  war  and  is  commanded  by  a  major — in  tliis  it  follows  the 
precedent  set  by  the  English  field  artillery. 

There  are,  as  a  rule,  3  regiments  to  the  brigade. 

Four  brigades  in  the  British  Isles  are  organized  in  peace,  with 
probably  3  in  India. 

The  total  number  of  regiments  is  31,  with  n  total  of  !)9  squadrons 
and  6  "depots." 

The  peace  strength  of  regiments  is  as  follows :  Household  regiments 
24  oflicers  and  408  men;  regiments  of  the  line  at  home,  23  officers  and 
673  men;  colonies,  23  officers,  569  men;  India,  27  officers,  594  men. 
The  apparent  reduction  on  foreign  service  is  due  to  the  fact  that  a 
small  nucleus  of  men  is  left  at  home — this  will  not  be  the  case  after  all 
regiments  are  provided  with  "depots." 

Two  depots  each  have  6  officers  and  103  men,  the  other  4  each  have 
5  officers  and  82  men. 

The  location  and  number  of  regiments  and  of  officers  and  men  is  as 
follows : 


Regiments. 

17 
5 
9 

Officers 
and  men. 

Britishlsles 

12.077 
3  023 

Colonies  (other  than  India) 

India 

Total 

31 

20,716 

In  addition  thei(^  arc  934  s])ecial  reserves. 

The  war  strength  of  cavalry  is  as  follows:  Squadron,  6  officers  and 
158  men,  of  whom  ])robal)ly  150  may  be  counted  as  sabers.  The  regi- 
ment has  3  s(|ua(h'ons,  with  a  total  strength  of  24  officers,  1  medical 
ofhcer,  and  52S  men.  The  strength  in  sabers  of  the  regiment  is  about 
475.  In  addition  to  the  al)ove  figures  1  officer  and  52  men  are  left 
at  the  immediate  base  as  a  first  reenforcement. 


HKCIULAR    TECHNICAL   TROOP.'*. 


Technical  duties,  which  in  the  United  States  pertain  to  the  Engi- 
neers and  to  the  Signal  Corps,  are  performed  by  the  Royal  Engineers. 

The  company  is  the  unit  of  organization,  but  higher  officers  than 
comi)any  commaiKhM-s  exist  in  (hie  proportions. 


43 

The  peace  strength  varies  so  greatly  that  no  attempt  is  made  to 
give  details. 

The  following  shows  the  nunil)er  of  ollicers  and  men  and  their  dis- 
tribution (10  de])ots  and  the  permanent  stalf  of  the  territorial  force 
are  included  in  the  figures) : 


OfTicers. 

Men. 

501 

178 
370 

6,844 

2,249 

3 

Total                

1,055 

9,0% 

In  addition  there  are  1,287  special  reserves. 

The  war  strength  of  Engineers  varies  according  to  duty.  The  mini- 
mum strength  of  companies  is  about  3  officers  and  106  men,  the  maxi- 
mum 6  officers  and  386  men. 


REGULAR  TRAIN  TROOPS. 


The  army  service  corps  supplies  transport,  })ro visions,  fuel,  and  light 
to  the  army,  and  also  has  duties  in  connection  with  barracks,  etc. 
The  peace  strength  is  as  follows : 


Officers. 

Men. 

British  Isles                                                                   

3.W 
100 

5,604 

712 

India 

Total                                                                         

4m 

0,316 

There  are  in  addition  1 ,000  men  of  the  special  reserve. 
The  war  strength  of  the  army  service  corps  is  not  definitely  known, 
but  is  very  large. 

REGULAR    SANITARY   TROOPS. 

The  peace  strength  is  as  follows : 


Officers. 

Men. 

547 
157 
324 

3,159 

882 

1,028 

4,041 

In  addition  there  are  1,000  men  of  the  special  reserve. 
The  war  strength  is  not  known. 


44 


REGULAR   VETERINARY   CORPS. 


The  jieace  strength  is  as  follows: 

Officers. 

Men. 

British  Isles                                                       

83 
20 
61 

142 

81 

Total                                                                                    

104 

223 

TOTAL    PEACE    STRENGTH,   REGULAR    ARMY. 

Officers  and  men. 

British  Isles 134,  339 

Colonics  (other  than  India) 4o,  215 

India 75, 884 


Total 255,  438 

In  addition  there  are  190  officers  and  1,198  men  enii)lovcd  with  the 
special  reserves,  of  whom  there  are  86,539. 

There  are  also  138,000  men  in  the  army  reserve  (in  addition  to 
s])ecial  reserve) . 

It  is  thus  apparent  that  England  has  an  ample  reserve  with  which 
to  fill  up  her  units  upon  mobilization. 

Combining  the  strength  of  the  forces  with  the  colors  and  the 
trained  reserves,  we  have  as  the  trained  force  which  England  is  able 
to  mobilize  as  her  Regular  Establisliment  the  following: 

Officers  and  men. 

British  Isles 360, 266 

Colonies  (other  than  India) 45,  215 

India 75,884 

Total 481,  365 

GENERAL    REMARKS    OX    REGULAR    FORCES. 

The  study  of  England's  forces  now  as  com])ared  to  their  condition 
before  the  Boer  War  reveals  a  vast  advance. 

Es})ecially  noteworthy  are  the  measures  she  has  taken  to  secure 
trained  reserves  for  filling  uj)  her  units  on  mobilization  and  the  pro- 
vision of  officers  and  men  of  the  regular  service  for  duty  wath  the 
territorial  forces.  On  this  tluty  there  are  592  officei-s,  16  warrant 
officers,  2,302  sergeants,  and  27  musicians  and  privates. 

CONDITIONS    OF    SERVICE,    REGULAR    ESTABLISHMENT. 

Service  is  voluntary.  The  enlistment  ])eriod  is  usually  for  12  years, 
of  which  a  certain  ])oition  is  ])assed  with  the  colors  and  the  remainder 
in  the  reserve.  Service  with  the  colors  is  usually  3,  7.  or  8  years, 
depending  on  the  arm  of  the  service  and  other  conditions. 

r K K  K rroRi A l  force . 

As  has  alicady  been  mentioned,  the  territorial  force  more  nearly 
cori-s])onds  to  the  Organized  Militia  of  the  United  States  than  does 
any  other  foreign  force. 


45 

The  territorial  force  does  not.  serve  l)cyon(l  the  hmits  of  the 
British  Islands,  exce})t  by  its  own  consent. 

Its  organization  corres])onds  exactly  with  that  of  regular  divisions 
in  so  far  as  the  proi)ortions  of  the  several  arms  is  concerned.  The 
total  strength  of  units  is,  however,  smaller.  The  total  strength  of  a 
regular  division  is  21,600,  whereas  that  of  the  territorial  division  is 
about  16,950.  Since  the  ])ro])ortion  of  the  sevei-al  arms  is  the  same, 
the  detailed  composition  is  not  considered  here.  There  are  organized 
in  time  of  ])eace  14  divisions  and  14  mounted  brigades,  besides  certain 
units  of  coast  artillery,  etc.  The  total  of  the  territorial  force  is 
315,408. 

COLONIAL    TROOPS. 

All  of  the  colonies  maintain  bodies  of  native  troops.  Exact  data 
as  to  the  numbers  and  distribution  among  the  several  arms  are  lack- 
ing. In  general,  it  may  be  said,  however,  that  such  forces  are  strong 
in  infantry  and  police  and  weak  in  the  other  arms. 

India  has  a  native  army  of  some  162,000  men,  a  portion  of  whom 
could  doubtless  be  used  outside  of  India. 

The  Canadian  forces  are  divided  into  permanent  anil  active  militia. 
The  combined  ])eace  strength  of  these  two  forces  is  as  follows: 

Officers  and  men. 

Infantry 43, 162 

Field  artillery 3,  719 

Garrison  artillery 2,  993 

Cavalry 8,  567 

The  above  represents  authorized  strength. 

The  total- authorized  strength  of  all  arms  and  services  is  62,037 
for  the  active  militia  and  5,000  for  the  permanent  force.  Actually, 
the  numbers  are  somewhat  below  those  figures. 

In  addition  there  are  reserves,  under  various  names,  to  the  number 
of  39,346.     The  law  permits  conscription  both  in  ])eace  and  war. 

The  artillery  listed  as  "garrison  artillery"  is  probably  two-thirds 
heavy  field. 

Reducing  some  miscellaneous  organizations  to  terms  of  British 
units  and  assuming  that  one-half  of  the  garrison  artillery  is  heavy 
field  and  the  remainder  coast,  we  have  as  the  organization  of  the 
principal  branches  the  following: 

Infantry battalions. .  97 

Cavalry : squadrons. .  104 

Field  artillery batteries. .  49 

Coast  artillery companies. .  17 

Opinion  as  to  the  value  of  the  Canadian  fcjrces  (Hffers.  It  is  ])rob- 
ably  about  as  well  trained  as  the  Organized  Militia  of  the  United 
States. 


ITALY. 


The  Italian  iiiilitarv  system  is  complicaled.  It  is  composed  of 
the  regular  army,  the  mobile  militia,  and  the  territorial  militia. 
The  two  latter  categories  are  not  constantly  under  arms,  and  in 
reality  form  a  kind  of  reserve  (Landwelir)  into  which  men  pass 
after  service  with  the  colors.  Both  the  mobile  and  the  territorial 
militia  are  composed  of  all  arms  of  the  service.  The  available 
data  as  to  the  strength  of  the  militia  are  so  conflicting  as  to  make 
it  impossible  to  give  any  reliable  figures  as  to  the  composition  and 
strength  of  the  several  arms  of  the  service  in  those  forces. 

For  these  reasons  this  study  will  confine  itself  to  the  regular 
army  and  will  consider  the  militia  only  as  a  reserve  for  bringing 
units  up  to  strength  on  mobilization. 

The  regular  army  was  reorganized  hi  1910.  The  law  effecting 
this  reorganization  is  available,  hence  the  number  of  units  and  of 
officers  given  in  this  study  is  accurate.  The  detailed  budget  under 
this  law  is  not,  however,  available.  Moreover,  there  is  a  system 
in  vogue  of  giving  extensive  (unlimited)  periods  of  leave  to  the  men 
so  that  the  full  number  provided  by  the  budget  is  always  short  (in 
men  actually  with  the  colors)  by  several  thousand.  The  figures 
as  to  the  total  strength  of  the  several  arms  are,  therefore,  to  be 
regarded  as  approximate.  Nevertheless,  the  figures  given  offer  a 
very  close  approximation  to  the  relative  strength  of  the  several 
arms. 

HIGHER    ORGANIZATION. 

Commanders  and  staffs  for  foiu-  armies  exist  in  time  of  peace. 

There  are  12  army  corps,  25  divisions,  and  .'>  cavalry  divisions 
organized  in  peace.. 

The  general  officers  are  as  follows:  Five  generals,  4')  lieutenant 
generals,  97  major  generals,  and  4  medical  officers  with  rank  of 
general  officer. 

INFANTRY. 

The  tyi)i(al  formations  are  4  c()m|)anics  to  the  battalion,  3  bat- 
talions to  the  regiment,  2  regiments  to  the  brigade,  2  brigades  to  the 
division.  Battalions  of  " Bersaglieri "  and  "Alpine  troops"  have 
3  companies  eacli,  while  rcginiouts  of  these  troops  have  3  or  4  bat- 
talions. 

(4tt) 


47 

Apportioning  all  existing  organizations  among  the  12  army  corps 
would  give  114)^  companies  to  the  corps. 

There  are  51  brigades,  116  regiments,  362  battalions,  1,374  com- 
panies. 

Each  regiment  has  a  ''depot." 

Under  the  new  law  the  total  number  of  infantry  officers  is  7,189. 

A  close  approximation  to  the  total  number  of  officers  and  men 
of  infantry  is  167,000  for  the  peace  footing. 

The  war  strength  of  units  is  difficult  to  estimate.  A  considerable 
part  of  the  infantry  is  composed  of  cyclists  and  of  Alpine  troops. 
The  war  strength  of  these  organizations  runs  from  120  to  150  men 
per  company.  On  the  other  hand,  the  infantry  of  the  line  probably 
numbers  250  men  to  the  company.  The  maximum  w^ar  strength 
of  the  army  corps  is  about  25,000  infantry  rifles. 

ARTILLERY. 

All  artillery  officers  are  on  one  list.  The  organization  is  some- 
what complicated,  no  less  than  13  separate  establishments  appearing 
in  the  new  law. 

The  main  subdivisions  are  the  field  artillery  and  the  fortress 
artillery.  The  latter  is  composed  of  coast  artillery  and  of  fortress 
(land)  artillery  proper. 

There  are  9  headquarters  of  field  artillery  and  5  of  fortress.  These 
headquarters  correspond  to  brigades. 

The  total  number  of  officers  of  artiffery  under  the  new  law  is  2,242. 
The  law  provides  that  the  increase  in  captains  shall  be  made  gradually 
so  as  to  be  complete  July  1,  1912.  Dividing  the  artillery  among 
the  several   classes  we  have: 

FIELD    ARTILLERY. 

There  are  36  regiments  of  field  artillery,  with  72  battalions,  193 
six-gun  batteries,  36  train  companies,  and  36  depots  (train  com- 
panies form  light  ammunition  columns).  There  are  2  regiments  of 
heavy  field  artillery,  with  10  battalions,  20  batteries,  and  2  depots. 

There  is  1  regiment  of  horse  artillery,  witli  4  battalions,  8  bat- 
teries, 4  companies  of  train  and  1  depot. 

There  are  2  regiments  of  mountain  artillery,  with  S  battalions,  24 
batteries,  and  2  depots. 

Totaling  the  above,  we  have:  Forty-one  regiments,  90  battalions, 
245  batteries,  40  train  companies  (light  ammunition  colunms),  41 
depots. 

At  least  a  portion  of  the  depots  are  used  in  connection  with  the 
mobile  militia.  In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  various  remount 
establishments,  "directorates,"  etc.  These  organizations  are  fixed 
under  the  law  bv  royal  decree,  but  no  definite  data  are  available.     It 


48 

will  be  seen  that,  deducting  6  batteries  for  the  3  cavalry  divisions, 
about  20  batteries  are  available  for  each  of  the  12  army  corps. 

If  the  heavy  batteries  have  6  guns  each,  the  number  of  guns  per 
corps  would  be  about  120. 

The  peace  strength  of  batteries  is  not  definitely  known.  The 
Italian  artillery  is  being  rearmed  with  modern  guns  and  the  strength 
of  organizations  somewhat  increased. 

Under  the  old  organization  the  strength  of  battci-ios  varied  between 
3  odicers  and  90  men  and  4  officers  and  141  men. 

The  total  peace  strength  is  about  27,000  officers  and  men  and  is 
probably  being  increased. 

The  war  strength  })robably  follows  the  German  organization,  at 
least  for  the  new  materiel,  viz,  5  officers,  150  men. 

COAST    ARTILLERY. 

There  are  3  regiments  of  coast  artillery,  with  ])arts  of  2  regiments 
of  fortress  artillery  actually  employed  as  coast  artillery. 

The  total  number  of  companies  of  coast  artillery,  including  those 
of  fortress  artillery  employed  as  coast  artillery,  is  41. 

The  peace  strength  of  companies  is  3  officers  and  107  men.  The 
total  peace  strength  of  the  coast  artillery,  including  headquarters 
detachments,  is  about  5,000  officers  and  men. 

The  war  strength  of  companies  is  5  officers  and  200  men. 

FORTRESS    ARTILLERY. 

There  are  7  regiments,  but  ])arts  of  2  of  these  regiments  are  actually 
employed  as  coast  artillery. 

The  total  number  of  C()mi)anies  actually  em|)loyed  as  fortress 
artifiery  is  57. 

One  regiment  of  fortress  artillery  is  supposed  to  be  trained  as  siege 
artillery  (the  Tenth). 

The  regiments  of  fortress  artillery  are  the  Sixth,  Seventh,  Eighth 
Ninth,  and  Tenth;  the  Third  and  Fifth  are  the  mixed  regiments. 

The  peace  strength  of  companies  is  3  ollicers  and  107  men. 

The  total  peace  strength  of  fortress  artillery,  including  detach- 
ments, is  about  0,500  to  7,000  officers  and  men.  The  war  strength  of 
companies  is  5  oflicers  and  200  men. 

According  to  Veltze,  materiel  exists  at  Alessandria,  Mantua,  and 
Pianceza  for  forming  3  groups  of  9  batteries  each  of  mobile  artillery. 


There  are  S  brigades  with  29  regiments  and  a  certain  number  of 
depots. 

The  total  number  of  cax  alrv  ollicers  under  the  new  law  is  985. 


49 

Tn  peace  each  regiment  has  5  squadrons  with  a  nominal  strength  of 

4  ofiicers  and  155  men  each.     The  total  ])eace  strength  is  thus  ahout 
24,000  officers  and  men. 

It  appears  that  in  war  each  regiment  would  have  6  squadrons  with 

5  officers  and  133  men  each,  counting  120  sahers. 

TECHNICAL    TROOPS. 

The  engineers  have  various  establishments,  head(|uarters,  etc. 

There  are  6  regiments,  24  })attalions,  79  companies,  0  depots.  The 
total  number  of  engineer  offiicers  is  610. 

The  peace  strength  varies,  the  usual  strength  is  3  officers  and  110 
or  120  men  per  company. 

The  total  peace  strength  is  about  11,000  officers  and  men. 

In  war,  companies  haA^e  from  200  to  250  officers  and  men. 

SITPPLY    TRAIN. 

There  is  one  company  for  each  of  the  12  army  corps.  The  total 
peace  strength  is  abont  2,500  officers  and  men.  The  war  strength 
is  unknown. 

SANITARY    TROOPS. 

The  new  law  provides  763  medical  officers.  According  to  the 
Almanach  de  Gotha  the  number  of  noncommissioned  officers  and 
men  of  the  Sanitary  Corps  in  1909  was  3,729. 

GENDARMES. 

The  poHce  might,  in  war,  be  employed  to  a  limited  extent.  Some 
authorities  go  so  far  as  to  think  they  would  all  be  so  employed. 
They  actually  form  an  integral  part  of  the  army. 

There  are  12  so-called  legions,  with  671  officers  and  about  26,000 
men.  About  4,000  of  these  men  are  mounted.  The  remainder  are 
dismounted.  It  is  probable  that  in  w^ar  the  carbineers  would  mobilize 
one  infantry  brigade,  numbering  about  7,000  officers  and  men. 

GENERAL    REMARKS. 

In  addition  to  the  troops  enumerated  there  are  numerous  special 
formations,  schools,  etc. 

As  has  already  been  indicated,  many  of  the  "depots"  are  supposed 
to  be  used  in  connection  wath  the  mobile  militia. 

For  example,  it  is  supposed  that  no  fewer  than  672  officers  and 
8,640  men  of  the  regular  infantry,  already  enumerated,  are  used  for 
the  mobile  mihtia. 


50 

TOTAL    PEACE    STRENGTH. 

The  total  peace  strength  of  the  regular  army  in  1909-10  was 
13,942  oilicers  and  274,467  men,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  more  than 
250,000  men  were  actually  with  tlic  colors  at  any  one  time. 

TOTAL    WAR    STRENGTH. 

The  complex  system  and  the  custom  of  giving  indefinite  \eaxo  to 
untrained  men  render  it  difficult  to  estimate  Italy's  strength  in  fully 
trained  men.  On  paper  she  could  mobilize  3,500,000  men.  A  con- 
servative estimate  would  seem  to  be  1,500,000  fnlli/  trained  men. 

Assuming  that  the  initial  mobihzation  would  be  confined  to  existing 
organizations  of  the  regular  service,  the  fighting  strength  of  the  three 
arms  on  initial  mobilization  would  be: 

Infantry  rifles ?,00, 000 

Cavalry  sabers , 20,  880 

Field  guns  (with  probably  an  additional  1G2  heavy  field  guns  manned  by 

fortress  artillery) ] ,  470 

COLONIAL    TROOPS. 

In  addition  to  the  troops  already  mentioned,  Italy  maintains  in 
her  African  possessions  132  oilicers  and  4,530  men;  of  the  latter,  660 
are  Italians  and  tlie  remainder  natives. 

CONDITIONS    OF    SERVICE, 

Service  is  compulsory,  and  liability  extends  from  the  twentieth 
■to  the  thirty-ninth  year  of  the  citizen's  life.  Service  with  the  colors 
is  nominally  for  three  years,  but  as  the  budget  is  seldom  sufTicient, 
many  men  are  released  with  one  or  two  years'  training.  These  pass 
from  the  colors  to  a  form  of  leave  status,  in  which  they  serve  to 
complete  a  total  period  in  the  regular  army  of  eight  or  nine  years. 

The  men  then  pass  into  the  mobile  militia,  from  wdience  they  go 
into  the  territorial  militia.  During  their  stay  in  the  categoiy  of  the 
"conge  ilhmite,"  as  well  as  in  the  militia,  the  men  are  subject  to 
calls  for  instiTiction — 30  days  per  year  for  the  leave  status  and  mobile 
militia,  30  days  in  4  years  for  territorial  militia.  Actually,  training 
periods  for  the  militia  have,  due  to  insuflicient  budgets,  only  been 
undertaken  since  1909. 


MEXICO. 


HIGHER    ORGANIZATION. 

There  is  no  organization,  at  present,  higher  than  tlie  regiment  iu 
time  of  peace.  Divisional  organization  is  said  by  some  autliorities 
to  be  in  contemplation.     General  officers  are  now  provided  as  fohows: 

Generals  of  divisions 7 

Generals  of  brigades 'll 

Brigadier  generals 55 

INFANTRY. 

All  organization  in  Mexico  is  somewhat  peculiar.  The  underlying 
idea  of  Mexican  organization  is  to  arrange  for  the  maximum  possible 
expansion  in  war. 

The  battalion  has  4  companies.  Regiments  of  infantry  do  not  exist 
in  peace,  but  battalions  are  commanded  by  colonels,  with  a  full  regi- 
mental staff.  In  war  each  battalion  forms  an  additional  battalion, 
thus  constituting  a  regiment  of  2  battalions. 

In  peace  there  are  30  battalions;  in  addition  there  are  4  skeleton 
battalions  (2  companies  each)  and  2  regional  companies. 

The  peace  strength  of  the  company  proper  is  9  officers  and  145  men. 

The  total  infantry  strength  in  peace  is  1,182  officers  and  19,144  men. 

The  war  strength  of  regiments  is  47  officers  and  1,745  men.  The 
exact  number  of  rifles  in  the  regiment  is  unknown.  The  total 
infantry  strength  in  war  is  3,100  officers  and  53,706  men. 

FIELD    ARTILLERY. 

The  artillery  in  peace  has  2  batteries  to  the  battalion  antl  2  battal- 
ions to  the  regiment.  There  are  in  peace  1  regiment  (4  batteries)  of 
mountain  artillery,  1  regiment  (4  batteries)  of  horse  artillery,  2  regi- 
ments (8  batteries)  of  light  artillery,  and  in  addition  a  so-called 
"squadron"  of  rapid-fire  guns.  There  is  little  definite  information 
concerning  this  latter  organization;  an  inspection  of  the  army  list 
would  indicate  that  it  is  the  skeleton  organization  of  another  regiment 
of  mountain  artillery.  The  total  number  of  batteries  on  the  peace 
footing  is  therefore  16,  with,  in  addition,  the  skeleton  organization 
just  referred  to.  Batteries  each  have  6  guns,  except  horse  batteries, 
which  have  4, 

(51) 


The  peace  strength  of  batteries  A^aries  between  6  officers  and  79 
men  and  8  officers  and  120  men,  except  that  mountain  batteries  each 
have  10  officers  and  88  men.  The  total  peace  strength  is  1,912 
officers  and  men. 

The  expansion  in  batteries  on  mobilization  is  as  follows:  The 
mountain  artillery  doubles,  other  regiments  each  h^rm  2  additional 
batteries.     The  "squadron"  is  doubled  in  personnel  and  has  32  guns. 

The  total  war  strength  is  3,142,  with  176  guns. 

In  addition  there  are  ammunition  columns,  the  strength  of  which 
is  not  known. 

COAST    ARTILLERY. 

There  are  a  few  minor  and  unimjjortant  detachments  of  coast 
artillery.     No  definite  data  are  available. 

CAVALRY. 

In  peace  4  troops  form  a  regiment  at  full  peace  strength,  anil  2 
troops  form  a  regiment  at  skeleton  strength. 

Troops  have  two  peace  footings — skeleton  and  full  peace.  The 
respective  footings  are  6  officers  and  72  men  and  8  officers  and  105 
men. 

There  are  14  regiments  and  4  skeleton  regiments. 

The  total  peace  strength  is  496  officers  and  6,822  men. 

In  war  each  regiment  has  6  troops. 

The  war  strength  of  troops  is  5  officers  and  140  men;  the  exact 
number  of  sabers  counted  is  not  known. 

The  total  war  strength  is  548  officers  and  14,016  men. 

TP]CIIX1CAL    TROOPS. 

There  are  a  number  of  miscoUaneous  organizations  totaling  56 
officers  and  601  men. 

The  war  strength  is  about  100  olliccrs  and  1.000  nu>n. 

TRAIN. 

The  peace  strength  is  0  officers  and  2()()  men.  The  war  strength  is 
not  known. 

SANITARY    TllOOrS. 

No  exact  data  are  available. 

RK.MARKS    ox    TROOPS. 

In  additl(»n  to  the  troops  noted,  there  are  12  rcginients  of  nirales 
(police)  of  250  men  each.  Ther(^  are  also  sonic  miscellaneous  organi- 
zations. 


53 

TOTAL    PEACK    STRENGTH. 

The  total  })eace  strenojtli  is  between  81,000  and  32,000. 

TOTAL    WAU    STUENGTII. 

Aside  from  new  organizations,  Mexico's  total  war  strength  may  be 
reckoned  at  about  100,000  officers  and  men. 

CONDITIONS    OF    SERVICE. 

In  theory,  service  is  compulsory.  Actually,  it  is  not  so,  except, 
perhaps,  for  some  of  the  lower  and  of  the  criminal  classes. 

It  is  probable  that  conscription  would  be  resorted  to  upon  mobili- 
zation. 

Note:  Since  the  above  was  prepared  information  has  been  received  indicating 
that  all  skeleton  organizations  have  been  expanded  to  the  usual  footing.  Whether 
this  is  temporary  or  not  is  not  definitely  known. 


JAPAN, 


The  rapid  profjress  of  Japan  as  a  militaiy  nation,  the  secrecy 
maintained  by  her  concerning  reserves,  territorial  organizations,  etc., 
as  well  as  the  system  of  training  Japanese  school  children  in  the 
rudiments  of  drill  and  military  discipline,  make  it  extremely  difficult 
to  make  an  accurate  inventory  of  the  Japanese  military  resources. 
This  study  is  then  to  be  regarded  as  showing  the  minimum  forces 
which  Japan  has  available,  for  it  will  confine  itself  to  those  forces 
which  are  definitely  known  to  be  available. 

As  indicating  the  constant  and  rapid  progress  made  by  Japan  in 
preparation  for  war,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  in  the  period  from 
1894  to  1904  Japan's  fully  trained  force  about  doubled.  Still  more 
striking  is  the  fact  that  the  trained  force  which  she  is  able  to  put 
into  the  field  to-day  is  at  least  double  that  which  she  had  available 
at  the  period  of  the  Russo-Japanese  War. 

IIIGHEIl    ORGANIZATIOX. 

The  division  is  the  highest  permanent  organization  in  time  of  i)eace. 
There  are,  however,  11  generals  and  22  lieutenant  generals,  besides 
other  officers,  available  for  the  command  and  staff  of  such  armies  as 
may  be  formed  in  war.  There  are  19  divisions  organized  in  peace. 
In  addition  there  are  certain  special  organizations  outside  the  Japa- 
nese islands  proper.  In  these  special  organizations  the  regiment  is 
the  highest  unit,  exce])t  that  tlie  Korean  troops  arc  organized  into  an 
infantry  brigade.  Including  the  brigade  just  referred  to,  there  are 
39  brigades,  4  cavalry  brigades,  and  3  field  artillery  brigades  organ- 
ized in  peace.  The  normal  composition  of  a  division  is:  Two  brigades 
of  infantry,  1  regiment  of  cavalry,  1  regiment  of  field  artillery,  and  the 
necessary  auxiliary  troops.  Brigades  of  cavalry  and  of  field  artillery 
appear  to  be  assigned  to  divisions  in  time  of  ])eace.  Thcj-e  are  also 
1 1  mountain  batteries  which  are  apportioned  among  the  divisions 
in  peace. 

INFANTRY. 

There  are  4  companies  to  the  battalion,  3  battalions  to  the  legi- 
ment,  2  regiments  to  the  brigade.  Theie  aie  80  regiments,  4  of 
which  are  special  troops  (already  mentioned),  with  247  battalions. 
Seven  of  the  battalions  are  not  assigned  to  regiments;  of  these  7 

(54) 


55 

battalions,  all  oxcopt  1  bclon<]:;  to  the  spocial  troops.  Th(»  poaco 
strength  of  reiiiments  is  80  officers  and  1,734  men.  The  total  j^eace 
strength  is  6,547  officers  and  142,855  men.  It  is  nndei-stood  that 
the  mobilization  jilan  upon  which  Japan  is  working  contemplates  the 
organization  of  a  duplicate  for  each  battalion  maintained  in  peace 
and  also  a  depot  for  each  regiment.  This  doubling  does  not  apply- 
to  the  special  troops.  It  is  not  believed  that  these  reserve  organi- 
zations have  been  completely  worked  out. 

There  are  229  battalions  in  the  army  proper;  assuming  that  the 
arrangements  for  increasing  the  number  of  battalions  have  been 
completed,  mobilization  would  see  456  battalions  and  76  depots, 
besides  18  special  battalions.  The  special  battalions  would  probably 
not  be  available,  unless  the  theater  of  war  were  in  the  territories  in 
which  they  are  stationed. 

The  number  of  men  per  battalion  upon  mobilization  is  variously 
estimated.  The  maximum  of  these  estimates  would  give  the  bat- 
talion about  1,000  rifles,  while  the  minimum  would  give  it  about  900. 
In  view  of  what  was  done  in  the  Russo-Japanese  War,  it  is  believed 
that,  notwithstanding  the  increased  number  of  organizations,  the 
estimate  of  1,000  rifles  to  the  battalion  on  the  war  footing  is  about 
correct. 

It  would  thus  appear  that  Japan  can  mobilize  456,000  fully  trained 
infantry,  in  addition  to  18,000  special  troops  and  76,000  in  depots. 

ARTILLERY. 

All  Japanese  artillery  officers  are  on  one  list.  A  portion  of  the 
artillery  (heavy)  is  now  reorganizing.  This  latter  artillery  is  partly 
mobile  and  partly  coast.  It  is  practically  impossible  to  separate  the 
heavy  artillery  into  classes.  Tliis  study  will  therefore  consider  all 
heavy  artillery  under  one  heading. 

FIELD    ARTILLERY. 

The  German  system — 6  guns  to  the  battery,  3  batteries  to  the  bat- 
talion, 2  battalions  to  the  regiment — is  followed. 

There  are  25  regiments,  with  3  separate  battalions,  giving  a  total 
of  161  batteries;  2  of  these  batteries  belong  to  the  special  troops. 
The  3  separate  battalions,  11  batteries,  are  mountain  battalions. 

The  peace  strength  of  batteries  is  5  officers  and  about  120  men. 
The  regimental  strength  is  42  officers  and  662  men.  The  total  peace 
strength  is  1,114  officers  and  17,804  men.  The  field  artillery  on 
mobilization  undergoes  a  similar  expansion  to  that  already  noted  for 
the  infantry.  The  completed  project  would  see  322  batteries  of 
6  guns  each  available.  According  to  some  authorities  the  artillery 
expansion  has  not  yet  been  comjjletely  worked  out,  so  that  at  present 


56 

only  100  additional  batteiics  would  be  formed  on  mobilization.  This 
would  mobilize  261  six-gun  batteries.  The  war  strength  of  batteries 
is  5  ofhcers  and  154  men  each.  The  strength  of  light  ammunition 
columns  is  not  definitely  known,  but  is  probably  identical  with  that 
of  the  Germans — 4  officers  and  188  men. 

HEAVY    ARTILLERY. 

As  already  noted,  this  branch  is  l)eing  reorganized  and  there  is  con- 
siderable uncertainty  regarding  all  its  phases.  That  this  branch 
furnishes  heavy  field,  siege,  and  coast  artillery  is  definitely  known. 
It  is  also  known  that  there  are  in  existence  6  regiments  with  a  total 
of  32  companies  and  10  independent  battalions  with  2.3  companies, 
making  a  total  of  55  companies. 

All  authorities  appear  to  agree  that  this  artillery  is  being 
increased. 

Like  the  field  artillery  and  the  infantry,  this  branch  ex{)ands  in  war. 
Indications  point  to  116  batteries  as  the  number  that  would  be  mobi- 
lized under  present  conditions.  The  division  of  these  batteries  into 
the  several  classes  can  not  be  given  with  any  assurance.  It  is 
believed,  as  an  approximation,  that  Japan  would  endeavor  to  accom- 
pany each  1,000  rifles  with  one  heavy  field  gun;  this,  of  course,  is  in 
addition  to  the  field  artillery  already  noted. 

CAVALRY. 

The  scarcity  of  horses  in  Japan,  the  great  demands  on  the  available 
supply,  and  the  expense  of  maintenance  of  cavalry  have  combined  to 
retard  the  development  of  this  arm. 

There  are  27  regiments  with  a  total  of  97  squadrons.  The  j^eace 
footing  of  squadrons  is  about  5  officers  and  136  men. 

The  total  peace  footing  is  663  officers  and  13,922  men. 

In  war  it  is  supposed  that  each  regiment  would  form  a  reserve  regi- 
ment of  two  squadrons  and,  in  addition,  a  depot  squadron.  The  war 
strength  of  squadrons  is  but  slightly  greater  than  that  in  peace. 

The  total  war  strength  in  sabers,  exclusive  of  reserve  organizations, 
may  be  reckoned  at  14,550. 

TECHNICAL   TROOPS. 

There  are  19  battalions  of  engineers  of  3  comj^anics  each. 

The  ])eace  strength  of  l)a(tali<)ns  is  21  odicers  and  374  men  each. 

There  is  also  a  "communication  biigadc,"  consisting  of  1  railway 
regiment,  1  tclegiaj)h  section,  and  1  balloon  section.  The  i)eace 
strength  of  the  engineers  i)roper  is  399  ofiicei's  and  13,490  men. 

The  i)eacc  strength  of  the  railway  troops  is  75  officers  and  2,100 
meiL  Tiie  strength  of  the  telegraph  section  is  38  odicers  and  625 
men.     The  sti-eng(h  of  tlic  balloon  s(>('liou  is  unknown. 


Each  battalion  of  eno;inoers  forms  an  exti-a  l)attalion  in  war  as  well 
as  a  depot  company.  The  war  streno;tJ)  of  battalions  is  abont  (UK) 
men. 

The  total  war  strength,  including  railway  and  telegraph  troops,  is 
about  32,862  officers  and  men. 

TRAIN. 

The  train  troops  are  organized  into  battalions  of  2  companies  each. 
On  the  peace  footing  there  are  19  battalions  of  2  companies  each;  1 
battahon  is  assigned  to  each  division.  The  peace  footing  of  battahons 
is  17  officers  and  596  men.  The  total  peace  strength  of  the  train  is 
303  officers  and  17,124  men. 

The  train  expands  enormously  in  war;  some  authorities  state  that 
each  battalion  in  war  forms  an  extra  company.  The  war  strength 
of  companies  is  probably  10  officers  and  SSO  men. 

The  total  war  footing  is  not  accurately  known.  Various  authori- 
ties indicate  that  the  war  strength  of  the  train  of  the  19  divisions 
existing  in  peace  is  about  51,000  officers  and  men. 

SANITARY    TROOPS. 

In  1910,  the  Japanese  Army  list  shows  1,247  sanitary  officers. 
The  present  strength  in  sanitary  men  is  not  known.  As  an  indication, 
it  may  be  noted  that  in  1906  there  were  2,202  men  with  1,282  officers. 
As  the  strength  in  officers  has  not  materially  changed  since  1906, 
it  may  be  assumed  that  the  present  strength  in  men  is  about  2,200. 

The  war  strengtli  is  unknown. 

VETERINARIANS. 

The  army  list  for  1910  shows  229  officers. 

REMARKS    ON    TROOPS. 

Besides  the  troops  above  mentioned,  there  are  a  number  of  special 
organizations,  schools,  gendarmes,  etc.  The  number  of  officers  of 
intendance  borne  on  the  1910  army  list  is  999. 

TOTAL    PEACE    STRENGTH. 

The  peace  strength  is  variously  estimated.  It  is  certain  that  it  is 
at  least  230,000  men,  and  it  is  possibly  more. 

TOTAL    WAR    STRENGTH. 

As  already  indicated,  there  is  some  difference  of  opinion  as  to  tlie 
extent  to  which  the  ultimate  ]5lan  of  mobilization  has  been  developed. 
Bringing   the   existing   organizations    to   the   war  footing,   ignoring 


58 

sppcirtl    troops    and    rosorvo    organizations,    would    give    a    fighting 
strength  of  the  three  arms  about  as  follows: 

Infantry  rifles 228, 000 

Cavalry  sabers 14, 550 

Field  guns  (with  possibly  228  heavy  Held  guns  in  addition) 954 

If  we  assume  that  the  plans  for  niobihzation  have  been  completed, 
the  above  figures  for  infantry  rifles  and  field  guns  would  be  doubled, 
while  the  cavalry  would  ])e  increased  by  about  one-half. 

There  are  at  least  1,000, 000  /"*/////  trained  reserves  subject  to  call  on 
mobilization. 

o 


J 


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